Country Background Report – Denmark
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10932 OECD Country Background Report Denmark
Governance of resources
Regarding governance of school resources, the level of expenditure of Danish lower and upper secondary education was above the average OECD level in the latest OECD calculation in 2011. However, from 2010 to 2013 both the total expenditures for the Folkeskole and the spending per student have been declining, indicating increased school resource efficiency. There has been an increased focus on effective use of re- sources on the agenda in the municipalities. The expenditures reached a maximun in 2009, but from 2009 to 2014 the municipal expenditures for the Folkeskole at large (also including municipal grants for private schools) were reduced by 3.5 billion DKK, equalling 6.3 per cent of the expenditures. Seen over the entire period from 2007 to 2014, the expenditures were reduced by 1.7 billion DKK, or 3.0 per cent of the ex- penditures. When looking across municipalities, significant variations in school ex- penditures per student are revealed. More than half of these inter-municipal variations in school expenditures can be explained by differences in socio-economic conditions. 12 In other words, the municipalities adjust the expenditures to local needs as expressed by socio-economic characteristics of the school-aged children. Parallel to the importance of socio-economic conditions for the school expenditures, the socio-economic status of the individual students is highly important for perfor- mance of schools both with regard to students’ marks at the final exams and the proba- bility of continuing to upper secondary education. Studies of benchmarking indicate that a potential for improved efficiency and effectiveness of school resources may ex- ist. However, due to their inherent nature the benchmarking studies provide no causal knowledge and, thus, no guidelines as to how the model-estimated potentials could eventually be realised. When controlled for socio-economic background, spending over all years of schooling is a more important determinant of student performance than spending in the final year of school attendance. In line with this, stable budgets are found to be beneficial for student performance, whereas the level of resources or growth in resources are less or not important. Distribution of resources The Danish municipalities are granted a high degree of autonomy in the allocation of resources for the Folkeskole. No comprehensive picture of the resulting diversity in organisation, budget models and principles for decisions on the school budget and the allocation of resources to individual schools, and for various purposes, exist. In addi- tion, across municipalities the schools differ according to whether they are granted the autonomy to determine the distribution between wages and other expenditures as well as whether they are allowed to transfer a part of the budget from one budget year to another. Almost all Danish municipalities use some form of demographic budgeting when de- termining the size of the school budget. Especially when determining the budgets for normal education, whereas demography-dependent budgets are used for special needs education to a lesser extent. The impression is that student-based budget models are increasingly gaining ground – at the expense of lesson-based models – when it comes to decision making for the entire school budget, as well as the allocation of resources to individual schools. In the wake of incentives embedded in a new legislative defini- tion of special education in 2012, more students with special needs are included in normal classes. The municipalities decentralise the financial responsibility for special needs education to the individual schools to a larger degree and increasingly include socio-economic criteria in the distribution models. In the Danish case, the share of immigrant students has a negative impact on student performance, when the share of immigrants exceeds a tipping point estimated to be around 50 per cent. Following a legal change in 2006, a number of municipalities have implemented transporting of students with immigrant background from school districts and schools with a large number of immigrants (or students from a disadvantaged so- 13 cio-economic background) to schools districts with more students of non-immigrant background, with the intention of improving equality in the educational performance of students. The first indicative evaluations suggest positive effects of this student re- distribution policy. Both additional teaching in Danish and a newly developed education programme for common receptive language ability have been found to have a positive effect on the students’ reading abilities. Despite the fact that efforts were aimed at bilingual stu- dents, particularly the monolingual students benefit from these. At a more aggregated level, national tests themselves are found to have positive effects on the students over- all reading ability. Structural changes in the number and size of schools have been a predominant charac- teristic since 2009, resulting in fewer and larger schools. These structural changes have presumably contributed to the decrease in expenditures for the Folkeskole since 2010. The same trend towards fewer and larger schools is found in both municipalities amal- gamated in the Danish Structural Reform in 2007 and municipalities that were not amalgamated, see Chapter 1. The development in the number of students, competition from private schools and economic pressure seem to be more important drivers for changes in school structure compared to municipal amalgamations. Download 1.6 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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