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References
Bennett, M. (1998) Basic Concepts of Intercultural Communication (London: Nicholas 
Brealey Publishing).
Lewis, R. (2011) When Cultures Collide, 3rd edn (London: Nicholas Brealey 
Publishing).
Mole, J. (2003) Mind Your Manners, 3rd edn (London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing).
Trompenaars, F. with
Hampden- Turner, C. (2012) Riding the Waves of Culture: 
Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, 3rd edn (London: Nicholas Brealey 
Publishing).
Further reading
Adler, N. (1997) International Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour, 3rd edn 
(Cincinnati: South- Western College Press).
Bennett, M. (1993) ‘Towards Ethnorelativism: A Developmental Model of Intercultural 
Sensitivity’ in M. Paige (ed.), Education for the Intercultural Experience (Yarmouth, ME: 
Intercultural Press).
Magala, S. (1995)  Cross- Cultural Competence (London: Routledge).
Mead, R. (1994) International Management:
Cross- Cultural Dimensions (Oxford: 
Blackwell).
Mole, J. (1991) When in Rome … A Business Guide to Cultures and Customs in Twelve 
European Nations (New York: AMACOM).
Richmond, Y. (1992) From Nyet to Da: Understanding the Russians (Yarmouth, ME: 
Intercultural Press).
Storti, C. (1990) The Art of Crossing Cultures (Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press).
Trompenaars, F. (2007) The Whirlwind: Connecting People and Organisations in a Culture 
of Innovation (Oxford: The Infinite Ideas Company Ltd.).
Trompenaars, F. with
Hampden- Turner, C. (2010) Riding the Waves of Innovation: 
Harness the Power of Global Culture to Drive Creativity and Growth (London: Nicholas 
Brealey Publishing).
Victor, D. (1991) International Business Communication (New York: HarperCollins).
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62
4
The International Use of English
It can be argued that English has been called a world language for over 
150 years, having enjoyed a dramatic growth from its early origins and influ-
ences. These included the Anglo- Saxons of Northern Europe, the Vikings 
and the Norman French, whose language was itself heavily derived from 
Latin. However, at the time of Shakespeare, there were only five million 
people who spoke English. In subsequent centuries, English has been influ-
enced by ‘borrowings’ from other languages, consisting of words and phrases 
brought back from the countries of the Empire and by large- scale immigra-
tion into the UK itself. English is now well established in international 
organizations, such as the UN, where, along with French, Russian, Spanish, 
Chinese and Arabic, it is one of the official languages. The Organization 
of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the North American Free 
Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the academic world, popular music and culture, 
and increasingly international business in the globalized economy also use 
English as the main means of communication. In the world of science, 
62
Summary
The current position of English in the world
Lingua franca
Advantages of English as an international language
Disadvantages of English as an international language
Artificial languages
Opposition to choice of English
Variations of English
Off- shore English
Rivals to English
The decline in language teaching in the UK
The future of English as the international language

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The International Use of English 63
papers are often first published in English before being reproduced in the 
author’s mother tongue.