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NIKI ANTADZE & LAURA SEIBEL, KAKHETI REGION, Georgia – Organic
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- All you needed to know about Qvevri but were afraid to ask Kvevri Qvevri Which is it
- The word “Qvevri” – does it literally mean amphora or does it derive from something else
- Where are the qvevris made And by whom Is this a widely spread artisan skill in Georgia
- What are they made of exactly Is there a special glaze
- What is the customary winemaking process once the grapes are brought to the winery
- How are the qvevris buried in the ground And where Are they sealed If so – with what
- How does the vigneron know when to unearth them
- How are the qvevris cleaned
- How many times are the qvevris used
- How would you say that the process of fermenting and ageing in qvevris affects the wine – compared to stainless steel or wood, for example
- What proportion of growers (very roughly) are still using qvevris in Georgia
- What else should we know about qvevri winemaking
- JOHN OKRO, KAKHETI REGION, Georgia – Organic
- PHEASANT’S TEARS, KAKHETI REGION, Georgia – Organic
NIKI ANTADZE & LAURA SEIBEL, KAKHETI REGION, Georgia – Organic Family wine cellar “Antadze Winery” was founded by Nikoloz Antadze in the year 2006. He owns 3 hectares of vineyard in the region of Kakheti, Manavi micro zone, which is situated 750 meters above sea level. Wine is made from organic vineyard according to the traditional Georgian method in qvevri. Nikoloz Antadze works with two grape varieties – “Rkatsiteli” and “Mtsvane Kakhuri”. Since 17th century, till Soviet period, when the possessions were expropriated, Nikoloz Antadze’s family owned vineyards and pieces of land in this region of Kakheti (Manavi and Tokhliauri). In 2006 he purchased a small part of his family’s prior property in Manavi, the name of this vineyard is “Royal cru”, because the wine produced in this cru was sent to the royal family. Nikoloz Antadze’s grandfather always produced wine for private consumption buying grapes from other farmers. From the year 2006 he got interested in producing bio wine, since then he is the sole proprietor and responsible for this vineyard. “Tsigani gogo” (Gypsy girl) is a blend of cultures, somewhere between the Jura and Georgia. Laura and Niki’s wish was to get a red wine, lighter than the traditional Saperavi. (This is, in fact, a blend of white Mtsvane & Saperavi). Fermentation, vinification and ageing in qvevri No punchdown, no press wine, all wild and ambient. No filtration and no sulphur. 2016
RKATSITELI – NO SKIN CONTACT W
2016 TSIGANI GOGO R
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Kvevri? Qvevri? Which is it?
We are spelling it “Qvevri”. There was much discussion on this; a few German importers prefer the Kv rather than Qv but I have had the Travel channel CNN, BBC and Jancis Robinson’s upcoming books on varietals and wine atlas all use the Qv spelling which the Georgian wine producers are using, so Qvevri.
No, it doesn’t mean amphora. Amphorae were often used for transportation, or storage above ground – they often had handles and were not permanent. Qvevri is a Georgian vessel dating back over 8,000 years predating Greco-Roman traditions of winemaking. A 310lumies was totally buried in the ground and not used for transportation, it was used for fermentation and storage of wine, and, being totally immersed in the earth gave it naturally stable temperatures, advantageous for both fermentation and storage. It is a vessel unique to Georgia (oldest examples date back 8,000 years) although similar interpretations are found throughout the ancient Near East and more recently, (2,000-3,000 years ago) in Italy, Spain and Portugal. The vessels used in western Europe culture are normally above ground or partially buried. Qvevri usually have a beeswax lining inside and a lime encasement outside. The few European producers that have borrowed this technology from Georgia – such as Josko Gravner – still call the vessel “Amphora” (or Anfor) on their labels, which bothers the Georgians. They feel it sounds like a Roman or Greek cultural attribute whereas this is much older and indeed derives from Georgia. The Friuli/Slovenian producers, including Gravner, bought qvevris in Georgia and learned their open-fermentation, extended skin maceration techniques here, so we hope over time to convince them to call the vessels qvevri rather than amphora!
There are about five good qvevri producers, but they are all living in poverty and the craft is in danger of dying out. We are currently trying to solicit funding to help build a school for a new generation of qvevri craftsman to be taught the skills. They are mostly in Vardisubani village in Kakheti and Shrosha in Imeriti region. UNESCO is considering adding the qvevri method to their world heritage list. If this happens it will be easier to rally support for the protection of the vessel and its name.
It is pure terra cotta, baked red clay, built-coil method, but the quality of the clay and water used is as important as firing techniques. The vessels are usually between 100 and 4,000 litres in volume although some have been discovered that are between 8-10,000 litres. Small qvevris are good for fermentation, bigger better for storage. No glaze is used.
Slightly crushed grapes, stems and all, goes into the qvevri, whereupon alcoholic fermentation begins naturally in the next three days and continues for 2-4 weeks at which point the cap falls. Punch-down happens usually about twice a day during alcoholic fermentation; once the cap falls we remove the reds from the skins and stems, and leave the whites on the skins and stems, place a stone lid over the top which continues to allow small amounts of oxygen in. Malolactic usually starts spontaneously quite soon afterwards, say in the next month – in 5 vintages we have never had it not happen. In spring, when the earth starts to warm up, we usually open the fermentation qvevri and move the wine into freshly-cleaned qvevri for storage until bottling – or bottle right away.
The qvevris are buried in deep holes with earth and sand packed in tightly on all sides. Ideally, they are in a building in the vineyard, or nearby. They are sealed inside with hot beeswax and the lid of the qvevri – after malolactic – is sealed with wet clay coiled around the top and then a heavy stone placed over it.
The qvevris themselves are permanent unless moved for reinstallation, while the wine is usually racked when the temperature in the earth starts to warm up, at which time it can be bottled or moved into a newly-cleaned qvevris.
There are many different means such as used cherry-bark scrubbers as well as various other “old-school” tools, but if you put powdered lime rock with clean water it starts to heat up to a high temperature searing the inside of the qvevri and cleaning any small amount of bacteria that might be stuck in the pores. After this we pump in fresh water and pump out the old water until pristine.
For many centuries – our oldest ones date back to mid 19 th century, for example.
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Qvevri are porous and so closer in style to old barrels than stainless steel. The clay has pores and that takes us to the earth, but the earth is porous as well. Despite that, the wine in qvevri is subject to relatively minimal amounts of oxygen if well sealed (although they do receive some). In addition to breathing they are surrounded by a constant temperature on all sides allowing for slow gradual fermentation and relatively stable storage conditions. The technique of prolonged skin contact in the case of the whites makes the most obvious difference in terms of a strongly amber-coloured result and adds the tannins, polyphenols and a particular earthy body to the wines.
Almost all families have a house in the country where there are qvevri, but due to intense labour involved in cleaning and maintaining them, many have resorted to making their home brew in plastic barrels or stainless steel. “Professionally” about 20 producers utilise qvevris, while maybe some 1 million families have them in their village homes of which probably 100,000 still use them.
That this tradition only works if you have very healthy grapes and a good strong yeast population. If you intervene too much in the vineyard or cellar you will likely get stuck fermentation or other problems, but if the grapes are in great condition and you don’t let them ripen “too much” - pick, say, at between 22 and 24 brix – then nature does the rest for you.
using it allied to the unique grape varietals, the prolonged maceration on skins, and the special growing regions with their various terroirs.
. “They could out-eat us, out-drink us, out-dance us, out-sing us. They had the fierce gaiety of the Italians, and the physical energy of the Burgundians. Everything they did was done with flair…nothing can break their individuality or their spirit.” John Steinbeck on Georgia and Georgians in A Russian Journal, 1948.
JOHN OKRO, KAKHETI REGION, Georgia – Organic ‘Joni’ Okro is one of the most respected natural winemakers in Kakheti, Eastern Georgia, where he concentrates on traditional long skin contact amber wines and increasingly a small range of delicious pet nats. His Kakhetian wines are sourced from cool high-altitude vineyards instead of the warmer plains his wines retain freshness and vitality and have concentration levels rarely seen. He also works with grapes from Kartli and Imereti. His whites and amber wines are based on local grape varieties such as Rkatsiteli, Kakhuri, Mtsvane and Tsolikouli, which all spend between 1,5 and 6 months in Qvevri. The reds, Saperavi and Tavkveri, spend only one month in qvevri. Besides still wine John also produces 5 different Pet Nats and the Georgian grape-liquor called Chacha. John also owns a restaurant in Signagi overlooking the Caucasus mountains, where you can eat Kakhetian food and drink. John’s Rkatsiteli comes from a vineyard at nearly 1000m above sea level in Signagi, Kakheti in Eastern Georgia. It spends six months on skins with 50% of brown, mature stems before racking and spends 18 months in qvevri before bottling. Soft, burnished gold, the wine is aromatic and truly unique, with notes of piquant spices and paprika emerging over the browned pineapple and honeyed walnut aromas often associated with Rkatsiteli. The palate is savoury yet tart, medium bodied, and quite delightful with high-toned cranberry, peeled starfruit, and a tropical acidity. The Saperavi comes from an organic vineyard in Manavi, also in Kakheti (500 metres above sea level). Saperavi Budeshuri is a type of Saperavi with white flesh and more aromatic intensity. This red wine spends 15 days on skins with no stems and just over a year in qvevri. All John’s wines are completely natural – no sulphur is used.
2015 RKATSITELI W
2015 SAPERAVI BUDE R
- 312 - IAGO BITARISHVILI, KARTLI REGION, Georgia – Organic “...We arrive at his ramshackle home/winery. The garden is abundant with fruiting trees and vegetables and outside the small, rather patched together house (which, as far as I can tell, is directly above the winery) is a covered terrace where a long table is being set for what is clearly going to be another Georgian feast. A very small boy darts about with handfuls of wine glasses. We move from the heat of the afternoon into the relative cool of part of the winery. Which is a rather overly grand way of referring to a tiny room with a deep concrete bath in one corner. This, of course, is where the grapes come to be crushed underfoot in a process which is never quite as much fun as those who have never done this might think. They do around 2 tons at a time and crush about 8 tons in all in a typical vintage. Almost every single family in Georgia makes wine in qvevri but under the Soviet regime, it became illegal to bottle and sell, so Iago did not start to do this till 2003. He has always worked organically here and has always been passionate about preserving the local traditions, never being even slightly seduced by modern professional techniques. He is, therefore, a bona fide wine maker although that is a complete contradiction in terms as in Georgia, it is believed that nature and the great clay jugs make the wine. Man is just a facilitator; moving things around and making sure that everything has exactly what it needs to function happily and healthily. Iago works with only one variety – Chinuri – although he makes two versions of it; one with skin contact and one without. It is only the wine made without which is pressed by foot. With the skin contact wine, there is only gentle crushing before the whole bunches are surrendered to the clay. His skin contact white goes into qvevri for 3 – 6 months. Iago’s non-skin contact white is left to nestle in the earth for 2 years before bottling although it is transferred from one qvevri to another during that time. We move to his bottling room which is a bright, white tiled space with a contraption for bottling by hand. Just beyond, lies the room of the qvevris. Sunk into the stone floor, the perfectly round O’s of the entrances gape widely. The yeasts here are strong and busy; starting their work almost immediately the grapes are crushed – usually in mid October. Once fermentation is well under way, the cap is broken up at least twice a day to let the gases escape. Failure to do so would result in temperatures rising to the point where the wine gets ‘burnt’ or, in really horrible cases, would stop the fermentation altogether. And a fermentation which stops does not start again easily. When fermentation is finished, the vessels are filled to the brim while Iago waits for the secondary, malolactic fermentation to begin. Around December, a large flint stone or a piece of glass is used to cover up the entrance which is then sealed with wet clay and covered in damp sand.. He crouches down and begins to move the sand with both a trowel and a sturdy brush. While he does this, he talks to us. He has, he says, some new Qvevri but also those which are 300 years old. He explains that the opening of one is always a special and noteworthy occasion and the official opener person is tasked not only with getting grid of sand and lifting stones etc; but also with saying the name of the person or occasion which it is being opened for. Some buy a Qvevri for their child at birth, to be opened at the wedding. In Georgia it seems, little to do with the drinking of wine is allowed to proceed without some flourish which officially marks the occasion. I approve heartily. Too much of modern life is allowed to rush by without comment or any attempt to make some magic. The atmosphere is opaque with anticipation. Iago says: “Say a prayer for me. I hope it is good.” We do not speak. With a scraping sound, the flint stone is lifted from the entrance. Iago fills his glass from the liquid which glistens darkly in the neck and then holds it up to the light so that we can see the shimmer. It is perfectly cloudless. He raises it to his lips and drains every last drop. Then it is our turn. Glasses are handed around and I retreat into a corner to taste. The wine is remarkable. A very pleasing viscosity held in check by a lean, mineral element. There is also definitely something akin to roughly hewn stone about it. I can’t explain exactly why, but these are the images that spring to mind while it is in my mouth, along again with flavours of honeyed spice, which is definitely a feature of much from here. “And now” says Iago “please come outside to my yard where we will taste my skin contact wine”. The table which was being set with glasses and cutlery when we arrived is now crowded with plates of food. It is mere hours since lunch and not too long till dinner but apparently, this is for us. John confirms that Georgian hospitality means that the concept of having guests who will stay only a short while to taste wine is unthinkable; no matter how vociferously the serving of anything else is protested. What can we do? We must sit down and eat. We taste the skin contact white. Not surprisingly, this is very much a version of the other white, only in stereo. With extra layers. So far, I have yet to taste a skin contact white against a more conventional version without preferring the skin contact example. It is strange in a way as my tastes usually run to the restrained, almost austere and skin contact white are not that. For me, the good examples bristle with life and the textures – heavy damask, cashmere, corduroy (the latter being the texture I encountered most on these whites in Georgia) – are a whole experience in themselves. We must leave but not before a final speech from Iago. “I believe that everything natural is always better than anything artificial. This is a part of truth and reality. When you do this, it is an expression of your faith. It is not a marketing gimmick. And then it doesn’t matter how many people tell you that you should do it differently. You still do it your own way””. 2015
IAGO CHINURI QVEVRI 1 W
2015 IAGO CHINURI QVEVRI 4 W
- 313 - PHEASANT’S TEARS, KAKHETI REGION, Georgia – Organic Pheasant’s Tears is owned by three individuals in equal shares: John Wurdeman: Wine Tourism/ Idea Person/ Public Voice/ Sales; Gela Patalashvili: Vinedresser/ Winemaker and Georgian Wine Legacy: A small Swedish importer of wine set up to facilitate small sales in the EU. Pheasant’s Tears estate vineyard plantings flow down the slopes of the eastern Georgian Kiziqi province overlooking the Alazani Valley and snow-capped Caucasus Mountains. The site itself is located near the village of Tibaani in the shadow of the 6 th century monastery of St. Stephen. The terroir here is special, with long summer sunlight of over 14 hours a day and evenings cooled by the breeze from the gorge. The soil is composed of limestone, chalk and dark clay on the surface, whilst a metre deep lies a sandy loam mixed with gravel, providing excellent drainage for the vines’ root systems. Gela, and Malkhaz grew up in a farming family learning from their grandparents and parents how to grow grapes and make wine in 313lumies. In 2007 they approached John to help with investment and to be a bridge to the outside world in order to enable the wines to reach more wine lovers that wanted an authentic Georgian wine, they were saddened, that there were too many big wineries, with winemakers detached from the land and from Georgian traditions. They saw an 8,000 year old tradition with hundreds of autochon varietals under the threat of becoming internationalised and homogenised . Gela’s desire is to preserve the traditional winemaking techniques that have made Georgia a home for viticulture since 6,000 BC. A combination of high quality soil and diligent vineyard care helps achieve the quality of fruit necessary to create these traditional but elegant wines combined with the commitment to organic principles (which started with the purchase of the Saperavi vineyards in 2007 which has subsequently been certified), are essential practices both protect the land from misuse and harsh chemicals and also to help develop the rich terroir that is reflected in each of the wines. The variety of soils include those from Tibaani : brown carbonate, and stony with limestone mixed in; Bodbiskhevii, black carbonate soil over sand; Manavi: yellow sand with pink quartz and Kartli/ Mukhrani which features mainly limestone and brown carbonate with sand found at 30 cm beneath the surface. Pheasant’s Tears are also committed to seeking out rare indigenous varietals and bringing them to market. Georgia has over 500 species of grape, many limited to tiny micro-regions at specific elevations and most unfamiliar even to the knowledgeable Georgian wine consumer. This rich heritage is in danger of being lost entirely, relegated to DNA databases and laboratory experiments. Qvevri were the first vessels ever to be used for wine fermentation, with archaeological finds dating back to 6000 BC. Qvevri are clay vessels lined with beeswax and completely buried under the ground where the temperature stays even throughout the year, allowing the wines to ferment in the natural coolness of the earth. Pheasant’s Tears 313lumies vary in age but some date back to the mid 19 th century. The cellar is built in the vineyard itself to minimize the damage to the grapes in transportation, allowing harvesting and process before the heat of the day takes effect. In accordance with Georgian traditional winemaking methods, the ripest of stems are added to the grape skins, juice and pits, for both reds and whites. The maceration time depends on varietal and the size of the qvevris and varies between 3 weeks and 6 months. The Rkatsiteli is from thirty year old vines, fermented naturally for thirty days with wild yeasts in clay Georgian pots buried underground. The wine is neither filtered nor fined and only a touch of sulphur is added at bottling. Golden amber in the glass with a nose of wild honey, but dry, and unexpectedly, full-bodied in the mouth with background notes of walnut and apricot. Rkatsiteli will stand up well with roasted chicken or more exotic fowl like duck or quail. As the great wine connoisseur, Dolph Lundgren, says PT Rkatsisteli is “the strangest, toughest, most ass-kickin’, car blowin’ up wines of all.” A tiny amount of Mtsvane from old vines is also made – it undergoes an identical vinification regime and is suitably amber. Rich on the nose with creamy vanilla and exotic spices, this dry white delivers toasted almond s and apples with echoes of dry sherry. Mtsvane will work well with chicken, grilled tuna and vegetable dishes. As for the Saperavi – this popular red is so dark in colour that it’s called black in Georgian, and varies greatly according to the terroir in which it’s grown. Pheasant’s Tears estate Saperavi is a bold, earthy, dry red with flavours of black currant and toasted almond with an elegant, natural tannic structure. Shavkapito, a royal red once enjoyed by Georgian kings, offers a nose rich with smoky leather and tobacco plus a hint of anise and fills the palate with plum and cherry with a hint of liquorice in the smooth finish. Serve Shavkapito with roasted or grilled lamb or beef as well as game birds. The pheasant is a bird believed to have originated in Georgia. The Latin is something like pheasantas colhidas, Colhida is an ancient name for Georgia. In the region of Kizikh there is an old saying that only the finest of wines can compel a pheasant to cry tears of joy. 2011
RKATSITELI W
2016 RKATSITELI BODBISKHEVI W
MTSVANE TIBAANI W
2016 KISI
W
2016 TSOLIKOURI W
2016 SAPERAVI R
SHAVKAPITO R
2015 TAVKVERI R
POLYPHONY R
2016 VARDISPERI ROSE Ro
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