Edition 2020 Ninth edition
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a6048c931cdc93 TEGOVA EVS 2020 digital
1. Introduction
2. Scope 3. Definitions 4. Valuation approaches 5. General observations 6. The Comparative Method 7. The Income Approach, methods and models 8. The Cost Approach 9. The Residual Method 10. Using more than one valuation method 11. The final check 150 II. Valuation Methodology European Valuation Standards 2020 1. Introduction 1.1. Technically speaking, methodology is a system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity. 1.2. In valuation, the term methodology is used to describe the process by which a valuer undertakes the valuation of the property. Thus, for a given valuation, meth- odology includes the selection by the valuer of the approach or approaches to be applied, the choice of method(s) and the use of models or techniques in order to interpret the valuation inputs and reach conclusions based on them. 1.3. There is a hierarchy of definitions; Approaches, Methods and Models. An approach is the first level in a hierarchy of definitions. The three recognised approaches are Market, Income and Cost (see section 4 below) . All of these are based on the un- derlying economic principles of price formation and the choice of approach will vary depending on the purpose and nature of the valuation. Each of these princi- pal valuation approaches includes different detailed methods of application and within these methods, there are different models. Some models are quantitative in nature, others more qualitative but all are techniques that allocate value to the component characteristics of a property. 1.4. EVS 2020 does not impose any specific valuation methodology, as (unless there is applicable regulation) they are a matter for the professional judgement of the valuer in each case, according to the nature of the property and the context and purpose of the valuation. In addition, methodology can be expected to evolve in the future as a result of many influences, including market behaviour and advances in calculation and analytical tools/methods — it would be inappropriate to attempt to restrict future evolution by insisting on valuers retaining certain of today's rec- ognised methods/models. 1.5. However, valuation methodology is implicit in valuation standards, and it is for that reason that this section on valuation methodology has been prepared. Standard- ised valuation methods facilitate transparency and comprehension by readers of Valuation Reports; up to date valuation standards in turn reinforce good practice in, and the accuracy of, valuations. European Valuation Standards 2020 II. Valuation Methodology 151 2. Scope This section refers to Europe-wide accepted methodologies for the valuation of any kind of real property for any purpose, as detailed in the following sub-sections. 3. Definitions 3.1. Basis of value — A statement of the fundamental assumptions for undertaking a valuation for a defined purpose. 3.2. Valuation approach — The fundamental way in which, having regard to the available evidence, the valuer considers how to determine the value of the subject property. 3.3. Valuation method — The particular procedure, based on one or more valuation ap- proaches, used by the valuer to arrive at an estimate of value. 3.4. Valuation model — A specific technique of data treatment conducted within a val- uation method. 4. Valuation approaches 4.1. In order to perform a valuation founded on the relevant basis of value, one or more valuation approaches will be used. 4.2. Valuation methodology is based fundamentally on the workings of a free market economy. Thus, an understanding and subsequent modelling of the dynamics of the price mechanism of supply and demand that influences market pricing is es- sential. All valuation methods need to reflect the economic fundamentals of the real world. 4.3. Although there are certain differences in application and greater differences in nomenclature, there are, in fact, only three basic approaches for valuing land and buildings: the market (or comparative), the income and the cost approaches. 4.4. Within the three basic approaches of valuation, there are a number of valuation methods that are used, depending on how property pricing practice developed 152 II. Valuation Methodology European Valuation Standards 2020 in a particular market. These methods will be used for one or more of the three basic approaches, as appropriate for the valuation based on the kind of property, the available data, the purpose of the valuation, the nature of the client, the local legal framework, etc. 4.5. In the Market Approach, the valuation is produced by comparing the property with the evidence obtained from market transactions that fulfil the criteria for the rel- evant basis of value and property type. 4.6. The Income Approach is for the valuation of all property where its value is found by capitalising or discounting the estimated future income to be derived from the property, whether this income is rent or whether it is income generated by the business that is carried out on the property. In some countries, the form of income approach whereby the actual or potential rental flow is analysed and capitalised is treated as a sub-division of the market approach; in those countries, what would be widely understood as the income approach is reserved for valuations based on the accounts of the enterprise operating on the property. 4.7. The Cost Approach provides an indication of value based on the economic princi- ple that a buyer will pay no more for a property than the cost to obtain a property of equal utility, whether by purchase or by construction, including the cost of suffi- cient land to enable that construction. It will often be necessary to make an allow- ance for obsolescence of the property compared with a brand new equivalent one. 5. General observations 5.1. The importance of analysing the property and the market — Before describing the most relevant methods and models in detail, it is necessary to stress the impor- tance of analysing the market and the market evidence in detail before deciding which method or methods should be used to carry out the valuation. The examina- tion, investigation and analysis of the available market evidence is one of the most important parts of the valuation process. 5.2. 'Looking behind' the evidence — It is important to try to find out what matters had a particular influence on the respective parties and influenced them in arriving at the end result of the transaction that is being analysed. It is only when this process has been carried out that a realistic analysis of the evidence can be attempted. European Valuation Standards 2020 II. Valuation Methodology 153 5.3. Relevant factors — The valuer will investigate where the bulk of the market evi- dence is to be found, and this will depend on, for example: the nature of the local market; the type of property to be valued and its condition; the demographics of the immediate and wider locality; the financial climate at the time of the trans- actions; the date of comparable transactions; or the business or activity carried out on the premises. This process enables the valuer to determine which market transactions are the most relevant and to give due weight to each piece of rele- vant evidence. 5.4. The type of property to be valued is the second important factor, for on this, to- gether with the locality, the decision will largely rest as to the valuation method to be adopted. While market-based comparison of transaction values may be natural for many types of property in many areas, certain common factors that tend to occur in most markets may prompt other approaches. 5.5. For example, in the case of the office market, in many countries there will tend to be more evidence of rental transactions than there is of sales. In view of this, and as this is an asset class that is traditionally attractive to investors, the income approach can be adopted and yields can be established from the comparison of sales data. In contrast, for highly specialised properties, such as an oil refinery or a chemical or steel works, the type of property is so specialised that there is generally no market, capital or rental, so the cost approach is usually adopted for many valuation purposes. 5.6. Prospective buyers or tenants may be willing to pay an additional sum for a lo- cation along a tree-lined street or with a view overlooking a lake, irrespective of the type of property. There is also growing evidence in some locations that 'green features' in some or all types of property may add value. As sustainability indica- tors may impact value, the valuer will have to include sustainability issues when analysing evidence. For example many banks today have a preference for lending in respect of green certified commercial properties and this has manifested itself in terms of lower discount rates and higher Market Values or putting other prop- erties at discounted values. 5.7. The property should usually be distinguished from the business that may be using it. 5.8. The relevant local market — It is important to examine in some detail the nature of the local market — what types of property are represented there and whether the market for the property to be valued is predominately an owner-occupier market or a rental market. This last factor can be important in deciding what sort of com- 154 II. Valuation Methodology European Valuation Standards 2020 parable evidence to look for and whether the comparison approach or an income method is likely to be preferred. 5.9. A standard part of the valuer's work is identifying the most valuable locations and the local factors that can affect not only the actual value, but also the methods that might be used to arrive at the value. Proximity to particular business or trans- port hubs is a typical factor to be taken into account. 5.10. It may be that the property is located in a sub-market that has its own pricing prac- tices, or variations on standard ones. In that case, the valuer will generally want to ensure that the methodology used takes this into account. 5.11. The analysis of evidence, an essential rule — When it comes to analysing the evi- dence, there are a number of processes to be gone through but whatever method is used, the end result is usually the same in essence: a unit of value is derived from the evidence and is used to value the property or properties in question. 5.12. This unit of value will often either be a capital value per square metre or a Rental Value per square metre. In the case of hotels, it could be a value per bedroom or, in the case of petrol filling stations, it could be a value per thousand litres of through- put (these are relatively crude "shortcut" approaches which are sometimes used as approximations in the absence of detailed financial models, or as a check against other valuation procedures). In the case of land, it could be a price per square metre or a price per hectare or, for development land, a price per square metre of building that could be erected on the site. For specific properties (for example a castle or feet-in-the-water property), a global value of a property could also be a relevant 'unit value'. All valuations are ultimately based on an understanding and comparison of previous transactions in the market. 6. The Comparative Method 6.1. The Comparative Method is regarded as the preferred method to arrive at Market Value as it provides the most direct link to the actual market transactions. 6.2. Ideally the Comparative Method assesses Market Value through an analysis of prices obtained from sales or lettings of properties similar to the subject property followed by adjustment of the unit values to take account of differences between the comparable properties and the subject property. However, valuers should also have regard to other relevant market information and data upon which they may European Valuation Standards 2020 II. Valuation Methodology 155 need to place greater reliance particularly in those markets or situations where information about transactions is either unreliable or simply not available. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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