Edition 2020 Ninth edition


  Article 3(1) of the Directive distinguishes two situations where the environmental  liability regime applies. 5.4.3


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5.4.2. 
Article 3(1) of the Directive distinguishes two situations where the environmental 
liability regime applies.
5.4.3. 
First, a person may be held liable for environmental damage caused by any of the 
activities listed in Annex III of the Directive and for any imminent threat of such 
damage
 (Article 3(1)(a) of the Directive)
. These activities include, amongst others, 
waste management activities, the discharge of pollutants into the air, inland 
surface water and groundwater, any deliberate release into the environment of 
genetically modified organisms, water abstraction and impoundment of water and 
several activities with respect to dangerous substances or goods.


362
VII. European Union Legislation and Property Valuation
European Valuation Standards 2020
5.4.4. 
Second, the liability regime applies to damage to protected species and natural 
habitats, or its imminent threat, caused by any activities outside Annex III, provid-
ed the operator is negligent or at fault
 (Article 3(1)(b) of the Directive)
.
5.4.5. 
The Directive provides a broad definition of "environmental damage". Apart from 
"damage to protected species and natural habitats" and "water damage", it also in-
cludes "land damage" which is defined as "any land contamination that creates a 
significant risk of human health being adversely affected as a result of the direct or 
indirect introduction, in, on or under land, of substances, preparations, organisms 
or micro-organisms" 
(Article 2(1)(c) of the Directive)
.
5.4.6. 
Waste — The Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC establishes a legal frame-
work to protect the environment and human health by preventing or reducing 
the adverse impacts of the generation and management of waste. In particular, 
the Directive lays down a set of detailed measures for the recovery and dispos-
al of waste without endangering human health and without using processes or 
methods which would harm the environment.
5.4.7. 
In this context, Member States must ensure that any waste producer or other 
holder carries out the treatment of waste himself or has the treatment handled 
by a waste collector who carries out waste treatment operations in compliance 
with the Directive
 (Article 15 of the Directive)
. The costs of waste management must 
be borne by the waste producer or by the current or previous waste holders
 (Article 
14 of the Directive)
.
5.4.8. 
This framework does not apply to land (in situ) including unexcavated contaminat-
ed soil and buildings permanently connected with land
 (Article 2(1)(b) of the Directive)
and to uncontaminated soil and other naturally occurring material excavated in the 
course of construction activities where it is certain that the material will be used 
for the purposes of construction in its natural state on the site from which it was 
excavated
 (Article 2(1)(c) of the Directive)
.
Legislation
Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 
2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of 
environmental damage
Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 Novem-
ber 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives


European Valuation Standards 2020
VII. European Union Legislation and Property Valuation
363
5.5. Pollution
5.5.1. 
Air quality and protection — As part of its Clean Air Policy, the EU has adopted 
several Directives protecting air quality, especially by preventing and limiting air 
pollution from various classes of industrial and other plants.
5.5.2. 
In particular, these Directives set maximum or target values for the emission of 
certain pollutant substances and require that the Member States carry out con-
trols on the air pollution

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