English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- Comment adverbs
- Linking adverbs
Modal adverbs
You may have heard of modal auxiliaries. Modal adverbs cover some of the same ideas, such as certainty, probability and possibility. Examples are certainly, definitely, probably, possibly: I probably won’t come. Maybe and perhaps belong to this group but they tend to be placed at the start of the sentence: Maybe I will come. The reading in D6 (sections 146c and e) lists a number of other adverbs which are modal in nature in that they are used to weaken (e.g. generally) or strengthen (e.g. obviously) an argument. Comment adverbs Comment adverbs comment on the sentence as a whole, and are often separated from it by a comma, especially if placed at the start of a sentence. Fortunately , he had another credit card with him. (= it is fortunate that . . . ) They stupidly left it behind. (= it was stupid of them to leave it behind) They offer a way for the speaker/writer to get their opinion into a sentence without mentioning themselves expressly. Frankly , it’s disgusting. (this is the speaker’s opinion) Such words are often confused with central adverbs, because they are formed by the addition of -ly to adjectives, but in the examples above they are not referring to T Y P E S O F A D V E R B 95 manner, time or place; see Activity B4.1 below. Some, of course, can be central adverbs as well: He spoke frankly. They behaved stupidly. They can also consist of a phrase: personally speaking, curiously enough. Curiously enough , when I got there, everyone had left. Linking adverbs These are used to show a particular relationship between the sentence in which they occur and the preceding one. There are different types of linking ideas; here are just a few examples: concession or contrast: ❏ however, though, nevertheless: This sentence would be an entirely natural utterance if I were at home telling some- one where John was at that moment. However , I would be much less likely to say this if I were actually in the supermarket . . . result or consequence: ❏ therefore, thus, as a result: Conjunctions make the link between clauses in the same sentence; therefore , the link appears stronger. addition: ❏ in addition, also. In addition [to a previous point about adverbs], there are some adverbs that have the same form as adjectives . . . Moreover and furthermore are often placed in this group, but they have the idea of something which goes beyond what has been said before, not simply something added. Linking adverbs are similar to some conjunctions in meaning (see A9), but they behave different grammatically. Conjunctions make the link between clauses in the same sentence; therefore, the link appears stronger. Even though they link a sentence to the previous one, they do not always occur at the beginning; they may also occur in the middle or at the end of the sentence. The use of commas in writing is normal. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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