Comparing the present perfect and the past tense
One of the hardest tasks for learners of English is to decide between these two forms,
since both commonly refer to past time. However, the past tense, as we saw, refers
to specific past times unconnected with the present; the present perfect is more
general, referring to a time frame that extends from a point in the past up to the
present.
In fact, though, the difference between the two is not absolute; it is not determined
objectively by the time and time relationships. The same event can be construed with
both the present perfect and past:
Widdowson (1999) claimed that . . .
Widdowson (1999) has claimed that . . .
The choice here depends on whether we think that the claim still ‘affects’ the
present.
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