English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
Download 1.74 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- The variety of patterns
Troubles for describers
This section looks at problems for the applied linguist/pedagogic grammarian when trying to interpret this analysis according to a particular purpose (most typically language teaching). There are some features that are not particularly problematic (at least for description), e.g. the association with type of noun (countable or not) which explains the (basic) difference between many and much, and between (a) few and (a) little, but others are. The variety of patterns One initial problem with some determiners is that they can occur in a number of patterns. To take all as an example, the following patterns are possible: ‘all boys’, ‘all the boys’, ‘all of the boys’. The structural aspect is not too hard to describe, but what about the meaning? The first is clearly different in meaning from the others (due to the absence of the), but is there any difference between the last two? The reader is invited to struggle with this one, as many people have before. In addition, three determiners, all, each and both, can undergo the phenomenon known as ‘quantifier float’ or ‘placement’ where they occur after the noun they deter- mine, typically in the so-called middle position, but also elsewhere. Here they have something in common with adverbs, as Giusti (1990) notes: We’d all like to make easy money. Liver and eggs are both good sources of natural iron. The sergeants each carried one. And although quantifier float is possible with nouns that follow the verb, there are restrictions. For example, each cannot come after a noun used as a direct object (you cannot say I saw them each) but can after an indirect object. He handed them each a cup of tea. Both and all are possible after direct objects (I saw them all, I saw them both). Again, while the structural aspect can be described (if not fully explained), what of the meaning? Is there an extra emphasis to this use, as its label in the Collins COBUILD English Dictionary (1995) – ‘emphatic pronoun’ – would seem to suggest? Assertion This concept, that is, whether you are asserting the existence of a thing or not (see Quirk et al. 1985:83–84), is involved with a number of determiners. The case of some and any is well-known now in the literature (e.g. Lakoff 1969; see also Lewis 1986:33–37 for a clear account of why some and any are not suppletive forms). These two examples show how they can be in opposition: I haven’t found some of the money. I haven’t found any of the money. A far less tractable case is that of much and many. As Quirk et al. point out (1985:384): ‘Much and, to a lesser extent; many have acquired some non-assertive force’. The problem is: how much? Much would seem to be rare in assertive circumst- ances in modern English unless it is being used with an intensifier (so much, etc), or is rather formal (‘There is much confusion.’) 204 E X T E N S I O N Many is more debatable; again the reader is asked to ponder how formal many sounds in the examples below and whether there is a difference: We have concluded many agreements. We haven’t concluded many agreements. Coverage One issue for the describer is how far to go in covering different uses of the same word. Given the similarity between the pronoun and determiner uses of these words pointed out above, it would seem to make sense to group them. However, many can also be adverbs, modifying verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Generally their meaning is similar, although some are informal. My back feels all achy. Lili opened her eyes a little wider. If you feel confident you will be less anxious. Landlords say they will not wait any longer. I can’t believe he was that good an actor. With some of these, such as more, less, the adverb use is in fact the most common. In some cases, the adverbial meaning is not derivable from the pronoun/determiner. In 1850 some fifty thousand women worked in such places. In addition, there are copious idioms in which determiners play a prominent part, where their individual meaning is not apparent. It scarcely mentions women at all. The decision on what to include will depend on the underlying rationale of the work, not to mention the amount of space available. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling