English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
2.1 Introduction
One of our earliest and most basic cognitive achievements as infants is to acquire an understanding of objects and of the way in which they relate to each other in physical space. The kind of concepts represented by words such as up, down, in, out, on, off, and so on are the building blocks on which we construct our mental models of the physical world. The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget ([1936] 1952) recognised the fundamental importance of these concepts when he characterised the first stage of cognitive development as ‘sensorimotor knowledge’. In other words, infants come to understand the world through grasping things, picking them up, dropping them, pulling them – and generally watching what happens when objects are manipulated by themselves and by others. Infants spend hours placing objects on top of each other or inside one another, so that these relationships are well established conceptually before the corresponding words are used. It is no doubt because spatial relationships are so fundamental that we use space as a domain for structuring other less concrete aspects of our experience. For example, when we say that someone occupies a ‘high’ position in society, we are using the up-down axis as a means of talking about social status. If someone says that they are ‘in trouble’, they are treating ‘trouble’ as a container and themselves D4 David Lee P R E P O S I T I O N S A N D S PA C E 207 as a contained object. If I say that I have a ‘close’ relationship with someone, I am constructing the notion of intimacy in terms of physical proximity. The next chapter is devoted to a detailed discussion of this kind of application of spatial concepts to more abstract domains. Before this discussion is undertaken, we need to consider the ways in which we talk about space itself, since even in this very basic area, the relationship between language and reality is surprisingly complex. To illustrate this claim, three basic locative prepositions – in, on, and at – will be considered. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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