English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
2. The present durative
It is not always possible to use the present durative to refer to Future Time: 1. *It’s raining tomorrow. 2. I’m playing tennis on Saturday. 3. *(?) I’m watching TV tomorrow evening. 216 E X T E N S I O N Example 1 is impossible; 2 seems natural and 3, although possible, is less likely than an alternative form, e.g. I’m going to watch . . . or I’ll be watching . . . . We need to think once more of the defining characteristics of the present dura- tive. It is used if, at the moment of speaking, the speaker conceptualises the action as occurring between precisely two points in time, one before and one after the point Now. At the moment of speaking the speaker has in mind two points, one on either side of Now, between which the action, as far as the speaker is concerned, exists. It can be represented diagrammatically: We see immediately why (1) is impossible. There is no way that the speaker can have in mind at Now some event which pre-dates Now and which is conceptualised as an intrinsic part of It’s raining tomorrow. This contrasts with I’m seeing him tomorrow in which the arrangement of the meeting pre-dates Now and is seen by the speaker as an intrinsic part of the future act. It is easy to see why arrangements, particularly made between the speaker and another person, may be expressed using this form. The speaker has in mind a precise event which pre-dates Now – the making of the arrangement – and an event which post-dates Now – the performing of the action itself, and, seeing these two events as linked and surrounding Now, chooses the verb form which expresses exactly those characteristics. In example 2, we know that tennis involves playing with other people and that, therefore, some event must have preceded Now for the speaker to be able to make the statement about tomorrow. For this reason example 2 seems natural. Example 3 feels a little unnatural; television watching is not usually arranged but, equally, on exactly those occasions when there is an event which pre-dates the moment of speaking and culminates in the performance of the action, example 3 will be appropriate. The use of the present continuous to refer to Future Time is by no means random. The meaning of the (be) + . . . ing form interacts with the meaning of the verb itself. In some cases the combination is semantically impossible with Future Time reference, in others frequent, and in others rare. The form is used for precisely the same reasons to refer to Future Time as for all other uses. The frequently-used heading ‘the present continuous used for the future’ is an illusion; such uses are exactly like all others. [. . .] A pair such as: What will you do when you leave school? What are you doing when you leave school? are both possible but suggest very different situations. The first suggests the speaker is inviting the other person to discuss the question and that the listener’s present opinion is of immediate interest; the second suggests that the speaker would like to F U T U R E T I M E – A S U M M A R Y 217 know the arrangements which the other person has already made, or thoughts he has already had; it is more a request for information. As we have seen on several occasions in this book when considering contrast- ing pairs of this kind, the connotational differences understood by the hearer are a direct result of the meanings characteristically associated with the verb forms chosen. The inclusion of will or ’ll, being modal, concentrates on the precise moment of speaking, Now; the present durative associates the future event with a point which precedes Now. The present durative with reference to Future Time resembles (be) going to, in that both relate the event in Future Time to something preceding Now. The distinction, sometimes slight, is that with the present durative there is usually a single event which pre-dates Now, whereas with (be) going to there is a sequence of events up to Now which the speaker projects forward to the future event. The contrast is clear with the pair: What are you doing tomorrow? What are you going to do tomorrow? The first asks about the event you have already planned, and which will occur tomor- row; the second enquires about the listener’s thinking up to now about tomorrow. With the present durative the event which pre-dates Now is more isolated from Now; with (be) going to there is something which pre-dates Now, but what is happening at the moment of speaking is also important. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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