English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- A6.2 Verb phrase structure
A6.1 Auxiliaries
Auxiliaries are a closed word class. They can be divided into two subclasses: modal auxiliaries: ❏ will, would, shall, should, may, might, can, could, must. They are discussed at length in B6 primary auxiliaries: ❏ be, have, do. The primary auxiliaries are also main verbs, and like them (but unlike the modals) have a full set of verb forms, as described in A5. The use of do as a primary auxiliary in the formation of negatives is dealt with in A7. The rest of this section is concerned with the use of be and have in the construction of verb phrases involving aspect and the passive. A6.2 Verb phrase structure Verb phrases are composed of a verb and up to four auxiliaries. The auxiliaries are all optional; only the main verb element – equivalent to the head of noun phrases – is obligatory (except in the case of ellipsis – see B11). They sang. They are singing. They have sung. It is sung. The primary auxiliaries be and have, in conjunction with the participles, are used to form the three aspects (perfect, progressive and perfect progressive) as well as the passive forms of verbs. Verb phrases in English may seem very chaotic, but in fact they are constructed according to a very systematic set of principles. In order to construct correct verb phrases, you need to know three things: 1. The forms needed for each verb phrase; thus have + -ed participle for the perfect aspect be + -ing participle for the progressive aspect be + -ed participle for the passive 2. The order of the auxiliary elements: MODAL then PERFECT then PROGRESSIVE then PASSIVE 3. The principle of ‘jumping endings’, by which the participle ending is placed not with its own auxiliary but with the following auxiliary or main verb; it ‘jumps over’. For example, the (present) perfect of look is formed by the use of have plus the -ed participle. But we do not say ‘I had look’ (with the -ed participle of had); rather we say I have looked, where the -ed participle has jumped to the end of look. 36 I N T R O D U C T I O N Here is a table showing these three principles at work to form the most complex verb phrase, consisting of four auxiliaries plus verb: for example, will have been being sung (This, by the way, is very rare; most verb phrases are simpler.) Note how the parti ciple endings have all jumped over the following auxiliary or verb. Table A6.2.1 Verb phrase structure MODAL (auxiliary 1) PERFECT (auxiliary 2) PROGRESSIVE (auxiliary 3) PASSIVE (auxiliary 4) main verb have + -ed be + -ing be + -ed example will have been being sung verb form = infinitive = -ed Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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