Grammatical peculiarities of toponyms in the english and uzbek languages

CONCLUSIONS FOR CHAPTER I
Geographical names carry not only a location, but also a lot of information - historical, geographical, linguistic information. Any geographical name has a specific meaning, it is not a meaningless name. But the meaning of many place names has been lost, more precisely, it has become incomprehensible to modern people. Toponyms bear the fruits of different centuries and live for long periods. A name given in ancient languages is nothing more than a simple toponym for later peoples, they don't always think about what it means.
Geographical names testify to different periods. Scientists of various fields - linguists , geographers, historians, archaeologists, geologists , ethnographers - refer to toponymy . Depending on the geographical names, it is possible to find out what peoples lived in the past, mutual relations between peoples of different nationalities, their ­migration from one place to another.
The study of toponymy is of great importance for the history and theory of language. Many place names are very old. By comparing the geographical names recorded in the primitive written records with their later forms and current pronunciation, we can learn about the changes in the vocabulary of the language and the initial form of the word.
For example, some say that the current Nurotanomy is a combination of Mongolian nuru and Uzbek tov, both of which mean "mountain". recorded more than a thousand years ago. The historian of Bukhara, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ja'far Narshahi, mentions the name of Nur in his work "History of Bukhara" (written in 934-944). In other regions, it is called Nuri Bukhara, writes Narshahi. There were lights other than Nuri Bukhara, that is Bukhara Nuri. For example, there was a Nurdegan village on Mionkol Island between the two branches of Zarafshan - Karadarya and Akdarya.
The city of Samarkand was mentioned in the chronicles of Alexander the Great (Iskander the Great) in Morocco, in the Sugdian inscriptions Smarakans, Abu Rayhan Beruni, Mahmud Koshghari, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, Mirkhand (15th century), the Spanish ambassador who came to the court of Amir Temur, Rui Gondales de Clavijo (15th century). a s a rl a rid a S e miz - k e n t , in the Mongolian story about Genghis Khan, it appears in several variants, such as Semizgen, all of which indicate that the name Samarkand is very ancient, and its origin (etymology) is still unclear. shows that it is not. Many such examples can be cited.
The importance of toponymy for linguistics, language history, and dialectology is great and varied. We do not have the opportunity to touch on all these issues separately. Therefore, we would like to draw the reader's attention to only one thing - the issue of the plural category in the toponymy of Uzbekistan. Because the issue of plural in toponymy is one of the untouched and important issues of our linguistics.
German linguist V. Shperberg, Russian toponymist VANikonov's studies show that the plural form is very common in Roman and Slavic toponyms. Indeed, in Russian toponyms, the plural affix is used a lot. For example, the word "bridge" alone never becomes a toponym in Uzbek, for this some adjective must be added to the word "bridge", such as "Beshko'prik", "Gishtko'prik", "Takhtako'prik". , Bridgehead, etc. In Russian, if the suffix "bridge" is added to the word "most" (bridge), a toponym is created in the form of "Mosto". It is not necessary to paint the bridge a lot. Mosto toponym means bridge in Uzbek. Place names such as Kary, Mari are also understood by Russians in the plural form s as if they were themselves. All of this comes from the nature of the Russian language. In Russian, many words are used only in the plural form (chaso', nojnitso1, etc.).
In Turkic languages, including Uzbek toponyms, plural suffixes are not so common, Uzbek toponyms contain several plural affixes. We will touch on each of them.
There are not many toponyms of Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, that have reached the Khorezm, Sugdian, and ancient Turkic records. There are also a few geographical names mentioned in Greek sources.
The end of the first millennium - the beginning of the second millennium AD was the period when many old toponyms were recorded in written sources for our region. "Devonu Lugotit-Turk", "History of Bukhara", "Hudud ul-Olam", "Library of Arab Geographers" volumes are absolute toponymic sources. Most of the geographical names mentioned in these records have still preserved their form.