Grammatical peculiarities of toponyms in the english and uzbek languages

2.3 General and specific principles of naming English and Uzbek villages
modern British urban planning, the term "urban village" has become synonymous to many with the name Poundbury, a neo-traditionalist suburban development on the outskirts of the rural town of Dorchester, experimented with and largely developed. By the Prince of Wales. Although Poundbury is certainly the most common of Britain's urban village projects, there are many other projects across Britain, and the term "urban village" also refers to contemporary suburban developments in other English-speaking countries and in some cases it is used to describe changes in villages. which conforms (or more or conforms) to certain holistic principles of planning that are contrary to accepted modern practices in suburban development .
The commonly used term "neotraditionalist" from the United States clearly defines the conceptual framework of the urban village movement; urban villages are based not only on an architectural or planning concept, but on a form of social organization based on a long-established model that has stood the test of time. In the United Kingdom, as in the United States, the goal of urban village proponents is not only to design a modern habitat that reflects an earlier and supposedly more sustainable rural society, but also to reinvent the forms of habitat that generate sustainability. such traditional rural communities. In this regard, "urban village"
The phrase "urban village" seems to be an American invention. The earliest bibliographic reference to this phrase appears to be the book "Urban Village: Population, Community, and Family Structure in Germantown, Pennsylvania, 1683-1800," by Stephanie Grauman, published in 1980. However, the original use of the phrase did not refer to any specific planning concept, but rather a more convenient pair of words used to describe certain types of close-knit urban communities whose structures reflected traditional rural models . . The phrase has even been used as a rendering of the Spanish phrase "barrio". However, in the early eighties, the first mentions of the "urban village" as a planning concept began to appear in the writings of Los Angeles urban affairs consultant Christopher Leinberger ( Urban Villages: The Locational Lessons. Wall) . Street Journal. New York. November 13, 1984 ) and Charles Lockwood ( The Arrival of the Urban Village in Princeton Alumni Weekly, November 1986 ). Leinberger used the term "urban villages" to describe what he saw as a new trend toward mixed-use development in suburban America, resulting in the lack of separation between business and residential areas in postindustrial America. environmental reasons (pollution, noise, etc.).
Lately , particularly in the 1990s, the phrase has been used in discussions of the American "new urbanism" movement, often in connection with the neotraditionalist planners Leon Krier and the Andres Duane/Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk partnership; In general, American writers and planners - until recently - used the phrase "new urbanism" much more than "urban village". The idea of "village" with concepts of "community" seems particularly English, and only after the international interest awakened by Poundbury, the first "urban villages" of England in the late 1990s. the phrase has really become popular in the United States and Australia.
It was the Prince of Wales who introduced the concept of "urban village" into the vocabulary of British planning; The phrase was used briefly in his 1989 book Looking at Britain (a sequel to a 1988 television documentary), but was not directly linked to the Poundbury project at the time. . It was this book that clearly established the dual parentage of the concept of urban villages in the English adoption of the phrase; on the one hand, the traditions of the historic English countryside, and on the other hand, the American neotraditionalist architectural planners, especially Krier and Duane. In the final pages of A Vision of Britain , Krier's presentation of an archetypal neotraditionalist development in Florida , the town of Seaside, takes up a full five pages, compared to two pages covering the development of " model villages " in Great Britain from Saltaire to garden cities . However great the influence of Cree land on Prince Charles, it is precisely the historical English understanding of the countryside and the idealized view of rural life that the English " urban village " advocates sought to provide the theoretical models. translation into modern idiom. When Charles was considering the possibility of a planned modern urban village in Poundbury, on the outskirts of Dorchester, one can only guess whether he had read PHDitchfield's 1908 book The Charm of the English Village (1985). ; There is much in this book, most notably its preoccupation with the small details, the use of materials, and the stylistic and functional diversity that characterizes traditional English countryside, which foreshadows Prince's vision of a model community. Among many other publications, both Prince Charles's and Ditchfield's books are woven into the loom of nostalgia for an almost utopian past common to proponents of New Urbanism and obscure to many modernists. In a 1997 article in Harvard Design Magazine , Marxist geographer David Harvey, a professor at Johns Hopkins University, wrote:
"The New Urbanism is actually associated with a simple modern attempt to transform large and crowded cities that seem out of control into interconnected 'urban villages' where everyone can have a civil and urban relationship. to others ."
Harvey, however, looked at New Urbanism in North American terms; Although historically, many settlers in the United States, particularly in New England, carried social models modeled on the English countryside to North American soil, the American model in general, by definition , was different. America's Early Villages 19th Century American Cities and may not have followed the linear plan of the countryside, but they also did not develop slowly over time in the manner of a historic English village . In addition, the American "New Urbanism" is very different from the English "urban village", which was first presented in the example of Poundbury, in the example of the seaside
. Ditchfield (1908) repeatedly emphasizes the peculiarity of the English rural whites, even calling the specific social structure of the English countryside, in contrast to villages in other parts of Europe, the "rural commonwealth", which is usually could have been more. in modern language it is called "village community". It should be noted that the concept of "community" is a basic building block in the societies of modern English-speaking countries, and is much more deeply rooted in the English tradition ( and , more broadly, in the Germanic tradition) than in any new one . country or even other European countries whose pre-industrial societal structures derive from Roman law.
Since the departure of the Romans, the village has been the main community unit in the British Isles. Although England has long boasted Europe's largest city, London, and Britain was the first European country to move to urban areas, the countryside has always survived in thought, literature or art, and often idealized. social unity. During the Roman period, cities became the nucleus of life in Britain; but after the departure of the Romans, most of their large cities, except London, were abandoned, the British population moving to occupy new rural areas outside or beyond the city walls; Although in continental Western Europe the great cities of the Roman period remained great cities after the Romans left, and in many cases remain so to this day.
In medieval Britain under the Anglo-Norman feudal system, the large-scale distribution of power and authority inherited from the Anglo-Saxon period and the territorial representation that existed in English parliaments from the late thirteenth century played a role in shaping played the national spirit, the image of England as a nation symbolized not by its capital but by its villages . According to the English, London has never been a nexus of national identity, as Paris has long been a symbol of France and French life. In Shakespeare, the quintessential images of English life are not those of Henry IV and Bolingbroke at court or on the battlefield; they are Justice Shallow herself in her garden in the Gloucestershire countryside. By the mid-19th century, the Industrial Revolution completed the process begun by the 18th-century Supplemental Acts, leading to Europe's first mass rural migration and further impoverishment of former rural workers. It was during this period that poets, artists and novelists, from Blake to Constable to William Morris or Thomas Hardy, began to place England's countryside at the center of English art and writing, often in an idealized way, helping to give English art a new impetus. A long-standing perception of the superiority of English rural society over urban society. The apparent immortality of the BBC's classic radio soap opera The Archers, set in its own fictional village of Ambridge, is another contemporary illustration of the same idea. It is perhaps significant
that Trevor Osborne, chairman of the Urb an Villages Group, points out in his introduction to Urban Villages that the term ' urban villages' is not easily understood in mainland Europe; When exported to other member states of the European Union, it needs a different label ." It can even be added: " or to the United States ".
The first English "Urban Village" Poundbury is located on the outskirts of Dorchester, immortalized as Casterbridge in Thomas Hardy's novels . another quirk of pure coincidence Proposals to expand D' orchester were first mooted in 1987 and two years later planning permission was granted for the westward expansion of the town by West Dorset District Council to cover more than 400 acres of land . granted for mixed housing (about 190 hectares).The initial development was to cover 35 hectares of land.
Prince Charles was involved in the project from the beginning; The green on the outskirts of Dorchester was actually his estate, an agricultural tenancy owned by the Duchy of Cornwall. When Dorchester Council approached the Duchy to buy land for development, the response they got was more favorable than they had imagined. Not only does the Duchy make the land available for development, but Prince Charles himself oversees the operation to establish an attractive mixed-use and socially inclusive suburban development; The UK's first 'urban village'. For many in Britain 's architecture and planning establishment, the news that the Prince of Wales was to undertake a major suburban development project was like a red rag to a bull. Relations between the Prince and many of Britain's leading architects and planners had been strained, to say the least, since the Prince began to publicly express his unflattering views on the architecture and planning of the sixties and seventies. His famous description of Birmingham's new library was more like an incinerator than a place of learning, or in a 1984 speech to the Royal Institute of British Architects, he described the proposed extension to London's National Gallery as "the face of a well-loved and elegant friend." terrible carbuncle "
Bin Obarin, and it is not surprising that the reaction to the initial proposals for Poundbury was not positive either in specialized reviews or in the architectural columns of British broadsheets. The project has been variously denounced as an exercise in retrophilia, pastiche, irrelevant or worse. It
was 1989 ; Admittedly, Leon Krier's sketch of what Poundbury might look like, published at the time in Britain's Vision magazine (p. 138), looks more like a heteroclite exercise in nostalgia than a serious late-twentieth-century suburban plan[15.58].
Among them, Poundbury is a victim of its success, with large numbers of tourists and visiting architects and urban planners encroaching on their space, sometimes with trucks, turning their homes into unintended tourist attractions. .
So why do they come? What made Poundbury a stopping point for an architect and urban planner's tour of Britain in the early twenty-first century? First, of course, there is his curious - unusual - some would say still eccentric - experience in royal patronage, suburban architecture and planning, developed by an amateur planner who was to become the next king of England. Second, they will see how the ten-point theory of the "urban village" outlined in the British Vision becomes a reality. Over 22 pages, the book lists "ten principles we can build upon" to create successful modern urban living environments. These are the following:
1. Place. Planners must understand the local environment and design their projects to harmonize with it.
2. Hierarchy I. The design of buildings should always reflect their hierarchical position in society, "public buildings should proudly announce themselves" and others should be designed with their value in society in mind.
3. Table. Buildings should be compatible with human scale and the scale of other buildings in the area. 4. G harmony. Buildings should be in harmony with others nearby.
5. K corpus. Spatial identity is important and new developments should include public spaces such as plazas and courtyards.
6. Materials . the building materials used should reflect the diversity of local traditions and should not conform to any national or international standards.
7. Delivery. This decorative craft, as always, should remain the main feature of the urban environment.
8. Art. Artistic decoration should play an important and symbolic role in improving the urban environment, and the role of artists and architects in designing a new living environment. 9. Signs and lighting. These too contribute to the success of the built environment, not detract from it, and therefore must be endured with care and consideration.
10. J amiyat. A successful community is one where residents feel involved and contribute to the planning and management of their environment.
While clauses 1-9 are covered by the masterplan, in Poundbury's case clause 10 cannot be. A successful society can only be created by the people who live in it; and so far, although Poundbury is still a work in progress, residents are happy with their environment and generally consider it a successful community. In addition to the ten points above, which essentially relate to the architectural
and visual aspects of urban rural environments , there are other fundamental aspects that distinguish an urban village from other suburban or rural housing projects that are more fundamental than aesthetics. These are seen as prerequisites for social inclusion and mixed use – together creating new sustainable communities. As well as reflecting the Ten Principles, Poundbery's masterplan was for a housing development that included a seamless and seamless mix of owner-occupied dwellings and social housing . The mixed-use plan also called for the addition of shops, workshops and factories within easy walking distance of residential streets , allowing residents to work and work in public spaces.
In many details, Poundbury's masterplan defied conventional planning orthodoxy. Its main tenet was mixed-use, contrary to accepted zoning theory, which favored the concentration of businesses in business parks, housing in residential areas, and shops in shopping centers. In terms of social diversity, critics of the Poundbury plan have argued that homebuyers looking to buy in Poundbury will not want to buy homes with a wall dividing them from social housing; It has also been suggested that dense housing environments do not suit the tastes and expectations of modern middle-class British homebuyers, who generally appeal to the ideal of detached houses in enclosed gardens.
Others predicted that industry would not want to move into the middle or even the edge of a residential area and that eventually Poundbury would become a "glorified council estate".
So far, at least, it hasn't—which is what its planners hoped for. Those who envisioned Poundbury as a carefully planned (or, according to its critics, contrived) recreation of a traditional organically developed village did not anticipate the problems facing many other suburban developments. Like
Winter White, Urban Village is designed as a mixed-use housing community that caters to all age and income groups. The first phase of housing development at Poundbury consisted of 55 units of social housing and 141 owner-occupied homes, as well as retail and commercial premises, managed by the housing association, the Guinness Trust. Once the development is complete, Poundbury will have between 2,000 and 3,000 homes by 2020, with social housing making up around 20% of the total, in line with the national average. The question, however, is whether the Poundbury model can be transferred to other settings, or whether this middle-class success can succeed on the outskirts of a very troubled county town in the heart of the Westcountry. Does it repeat itself in other areas?
After the media coverage - both positive and negative - when the Poundbury project was first mooted in the late 1980s, a forum known as the Urban Villages Group was established under the Business Wing in 1989 at the behest of the Prince of Wales . In a community, an organization whose purpose is to "solve economic, social, and environmental problems affecting local communities" (Aldous, p8). Among the founders of the group were Leon Krier, as well as the heads of a number of property development companies, housing corporations and the managing director of the Co-operative Bank. The group's aim was to encourage councils and property developers across the country to adopt the concept of urban villages as a viable, if slightly more expensive, alternative to the monotonous standardized modern developments, the 'suburbs'. mushroomed and mushroomed on the outskirts of most British cities. As of January 2002 , eighteen urban-village development projects across England are being implemented in partnership with the Prince's Foundation; but none are as advanced as Poundbury and some, such as the Westoe Colliery project in South Shields and the Northwich town center project, are still on the drawing board. Yet, as the locations of these two projects show - one in the heart of the depressed North East, the other in the heart of the decaying city of Cheshire - the 'urban village' concept can and still does apply to very large areas. different from semi- rural Dorset. F only two other projects, such as Poundbury, are listed as 'urban extensions' on greenfields, one in Basdildon Essex and the other in Northampton; Most of the projects so far are brownfield "urban regeneration" projects.
Toponyms are linguistic symbols of natural language that indicate certain parts of topographical space. These linguistic signs artificially form a system of contractual nature and is called a toponymic system (toponymy). Toponyms are a unique storehouse of political, social and cultural views of the society, in which "certain language directions, specific features of word formation and word changes" are manifested [21,84 ].
According to the dictionary-reference of linguistic terms, the word toponymy is formed from two Greek words (topos "place, country" and onoma "name", i.e. "point to a name" ) . Toponymy is defined as:
1) the department of onomastics that studies geographical names (toponyms), their activity, meaning and origin, structure, area of distribution, development and changes over time [22.44];
2) a set of geographical names (toponymy) of a specific area [13,491].
The geographic encyclopedic dictionary gives the following definition of toponymy: "The field of knowledge that comprehensively studies geographical names, their origin, semantic meaning, spelling changes, pronunciation, etc." [4, 39]. Toponymics deals with the origin and evolution of geographical names, studies their origin, determines the distribution area of toponyms, studies the functions, meaning, structure of toponyms, develops spelling and orthographic rules (correct pronunciation) .