Grammatical peculiarities of toponyms in the english and uzbek languages

1.3. Differences of new toponyms from old toponyms and common features
When searching or translating a toponym, it is transferred from the source language to the target language using linguistic tools. Unlike transliteration and transcription, in this case there is no attempt to preserve either the original oral form of the endonym or its written form, but the question is not how to write the local name of the given object, but how to name the place. According to the definition of translation, the meaning of a word in a certain language, the source language, is expressed in another language, the receiving language. To what extent does this process apply to geographical names? A place name can usually only be found in a place name dictionary or in a newspaper. Translation can be used as a method of transferring names if the original toponym has full or partial semantic or lexical meaning; in other words, only when found in a regular dictionary. This excludes the possibility of translating many names consisting of one word, if the diachronic does not return to the historical or linguistic roots of the name, i.e. does not study the historical process and its significance.
Translation is a means of transferring a toponym from one language to another, requiring direct or indirect reference to the recipient language. The above phrase "in whole or in part" is applied to a toponym with a semantic or lexical meaning. The parts of a compound name are:
• a common element that is always a word with a lexical meaning, such as river, hill, city, bridge, new;
• an individual element, which can be any word with or without lexical meaning, for example, a proper name and even a toponym, such as the toponym digaio linyagos (Icaran Sea).
such cases, when transferring names, do they refer to the translation? Basically, when the general term "translated" is included in the toponym. Naturally, toponyms are often translated when it comes to topographical objects located outside their language region. Often this happens when a cartographic editor prepares a general atlas in a particular language. He, of course, translates some names that are "abroad" in order to better convey to the reader the essence of the named object. In general geographical or other texts, the translation of geographical names is also often used.
There are four options for translation:
1 The name in question is simple and untranslatable or should not be translated for other reasons: Bádibosok – Vladivostok;
2 A noun is composite by type, containing an individual and a general element in any order. In general, the following options are available:
a. only the common element is translated;
b. the translation applies only to the individual element or elements of the title;
c. both individual and shared elements are translated.
As a result of the practical study of the three main methods of translation of the toponymic dictionary, we reached the following features and problems of translation:
• there is no method of transpositional translation of toponyms in both languages;
• The largest number of toponyms is translated using the transcription method and is determined by the ease of use and ease of further communication with the translated toponyms.
• Most toponyms translated by transliteration can also be called transcribed, but not vice versa.
In the process of research, we defined the toponym; its typology is considered; the main problems of toponymy are studied; Features of modern Greek toponyms common in Greece and toponyms common in Russia are revealed.
In this course work, we considered the features and difficulties of translating modern Greek and Russian toponyms in theory and practice. A sar is devoted to current issues, and yet this topic remains endless for many analyses. Unfortunately, the translation theory of toponyms has not yet been thoroughly studied, it is the only universal method of giving the meaning of toponyms, each of them has its own, unique pragmatic, semantic and syntactic features. When describing toponyms as objects of translation, they usually say that, as a rule, they are not subject to translation. It follows that the preservation of the sound shell of toponyms is enough to understand its translation. However, in some cases, for the correct understanding and translation of a toponym, it is not enough to know that a given word is a toponym, and the analysis of its semantic structure requires additional information. The answer to the main question - transcription or translation - depends on the toponym itself, the tradition associated with it and the context. Undoubtedly, in order to make as few mistakes as possible, it is necessary to approach the translation consciously and responsibly[19.54].
However, we can give general recommendations for translating toponyms. Translation should begin with the selection of a well-established name, look for the name in geographical references. If there is no specified name, the name or part of it should be directly translated using dictionaries. If it is not possible to determine the designated name and it is not possible to translate the name or part of it literally, practical transliteration from the source language should be used. If necessary, a combination method can be used, which includes the use of the previous two methods for separate parts of the name.