Green Capitals "in the Hearts and Minds of the People"
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GreenCapitalsintheHeartsandMindsofthePeople
Chapter 1. Introduction
The emerging role of cities in sustainability policy Cities all over the world are experiencing new momentum in their role in sustainable development. As the current decades are the first ones in history when most of the human population is urbanised (UN, 2018; UNEP, 2015), cities are now regarded as significant sources of consumption and social issues, but also of innovative solutions and human capital (Bulkeley & Betsill, 2005; Berg, van den at al., 2014). They are "part of the problem, and the solution" (in Bansard et al., 2017; p.231) when dealing with complex global issues like sustainable development and the struggle against climate change. As "part of the problem", cities account for most human consumptions and emissions (Bansard et al., 2017). As "part of the solution", cities foster advanced expertise, and their administrations are the closest political entities to society, which gives them an excellent position to engage in new policy projects and engage non-state actors in them (Bulkeley & Betsill, 2005; Bulkeley et al., 2018). However, since municipal resources are much more limited than a State's, urban administrations look for funds, innovations and skilled professionals either on the financial market or through international cooperation (Swyngedouw, 2004; Mocca, 2017). This situation brings them to adopt several strategies to attract or access to resources. These include (but are not limited to) networking with other cities (Mocca, 2017; Pierre, 2019), competing with other cities through business-attractive legislation (Swyngedouw, 2004) and branding their image as a liveable and innovative place (Busch & Anderberg, 2015; Andersson, 2016). These strategies allow cities to acquire the capacities they lack while boosting those they are strong in (Pierre, 2019). Nevertheless, this international arena for urban sustainable development is characterised by growing disparities between those cities that have the resources to engage in it and those that cannot afford such a resource-intensive effort (Swyngedouw, 2004; Bansard et al., 2017; Heikkinen et al., 2020). Thus, despite the importance of urban areas all over the world for sustainable development, not all cities can take part to such a policy shift in the same way (Swyngedouw, 2004; Heikkinen et al., 2020). Download 0.67 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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