Green Capitals "in the Hearts and Minds of the People"
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GreenCapitalsintheHeartsandMindsofthePeople
Data collection
Data collection started by identifying the cities that participated in the EGCA from the 2016 edition on. These were revealed by official EGCA publications, especially the Expert Panel Technical Assessment Synopsis Reports, where the experts judgement is described, (EGCA, 2014a, 2015a, 2016a, 2017a, 2018a, 2019a), and the Jury Reports for the editions from 2016 to 2021 (EGCA, 2014b, 2015b, 2016b, 2017b, 2018b, 2019b), where the final judgement is summarised and the final winner is revealed. There is no record concerning the cities that were interested in participating but did not manage to submit the application. As a consequence, such cases had to be excluded, despite comparing them to the cities that managed to apply would have added an interesting analysis level. When choosing a sample of eligible cities, the goal was to reach a particular variety in the experiences gathered through the interviews. As there is not so much literature to inform a precise selection of cases, portraying the diversity of experiences with the award can be expected to increase the validity of the data for qualitative standards (Trent & Cho, 2014). Having a sample of cities from different parts of Europe that reached different steps of the EGCA selection can show what common traits and what differences can be found in the way this award is pursued and managed throughout the EU. Plus, even within each case this objective can be reached by attempting to obtain different accounts related to the same applicant. As a consequence, an ideal balance of the range of cases to include in the research was planned on multiple sides: ● Geographical balance: attempting to include at least one case from North, South, East and Western Europe each. The distinction was based on self-identification. ● Applicants balance: attempting to include at least one case for each of these experiences with the award based on EGCA reports: winners, finalists, non-finalist former applicants and current applicants of the 2022 edition. The sources were the EGCA reports until 2021 edition. The 2022 applicants could be found only by reading the websites of later applicants that are re-applying, as the 2022 report was published only in May 2020 and no press releases were available. ● Local power balance: attempting to reach at least one politician and one member of the administrative staff for each case, so as to account for different power relations 28 (Mason-Bish, 2018). The city websites and some interviewees revealed the positions of the officials who worked on the EGCA. From the 2016 to the 2021 edition, sixty-five cities have applied to the EGCA. The following step was to find those people who worked on the EGCA in a number of these municipalities. An optimal number of interviews was expected to be at least ten, based on the academic standards for a master thesis at Maastricht University and on the available time to analyse the data. This means that around five cases were to be analysed. As the EGCA reports do not mention any contact people or officials who worked on the applications, the main source in that sense were the official municipal websites. Having to rely on this source already excluded most of the possible cases, as only a few cities had a website in a language the author of this research is fluent in (English, Italian, French and Spanish). Even so, most websites did not have a page related to the EGCA, and those that had one rarely displayed any contact person. The few contacts that could be found were mostly email addresses. Thus, the invitations to participate in the research were sent all by email. While viewing the different websites, it was possible to notice that almost in every administration the EGCA was managed by the environmental office. In those cities where no contact people could be found, then, the office of the alderman in charge of environmental policy was contacted via email asking for an interview with the alderman themself (if he or she was in charge during an EGCA application or event) or any other official who worked on the EGCA application. A final alternative were social media, particularly Facebook, which were useful when only the name of an alderman was published. In the end, twenty-one invitations were sent to one or more officials from seventeen cities involved in the EGCA. The complete list of cities can be found in Appendix A. Responses came from officials who worked on the EGCA in Bologna, Cagliari, Ghent, Lahti, Nijmegen, Oslo, Tallinn, Turin and Umeå. Thus, between April the 2d and June the 4th 2020, fifteen interviews have been finalised representing these nine different cases. A summary of the salient characteristics of each interview can be found in Appendix A together with the semi-structured questionnaire that was followed in the research. Apart from the cases of Cagliari and Lahti, gatekeeping has been at work in selecting all the participants. Every invitation was forwarded by the alderman or the staff to a contact person who got into touch with the author. Besides, since usually one contact person replied, at the end of the interview each interviewee was asked if they could think of any other political and administrative official they deemed interesting to interview. This method allowed to obtain the desired two interviews per case in six out of nine cities, with Tallinn, Turin and Umeå 29 being represented only by one account. The negative side was that gatekeeping was further strengthened. The consequences of this are discussed in the reflections section later in this chapter. A politician could be interviewed only in Cagliari, Bologna and Lahti. All the other cases are related by administrative officials, except for Cagliari again, where the second interviewee was an external consultant who was delegated to coordinate the city application. Officials from eight other cities that were approached did not answer: Lisbon, ‘s Hertogenbosch, Lille, Dijon, Grenoble, Strasbourg, Ljubljana and Warsaw. The former Mayor of Ghent was the only potential interviewee who explicitly declined the invitation. The interviews were all done via Skype, Zoom, WhatsApp or Teams. Ten out of fifteen interviews were held in English, while Italian was used with the five interviewees from Italian cities. The average length was fifty minutes, with the shortest interview taking twenty-two minutes, and the longest one lasting more than one hour and a half. The length depended much on which EGCA activities the individual interviewee had been involved in (applications, presentations, Green Capital Year, EGC Network), with the most extended interviews being from officials who took part in almost all of them. The author recorded all the interviews after getting the explicit verbal consent of the interviewees right before starting with the questions. As it goes beyond the scope of the research to analyse non-verbal communication, only the audio was recorded for transcription. For the same reason, no field notes were taken during the interview so that the attention of the interviewer was focused on the conversation. Using the semi-structured questionnaire (Appendix A) managed to touch upon the points of the research analytical framework in all the interviews. The questionnaire itself is focused on the application phase, as it is the one which all applicants went through. For the other phases, new accounts and opinions were asked as to the EGCA presentations, judgement phase, the Green Capital Year or the Green Capital Network, depending on which of these phases the official was involved in. Usually the same officials were involved in all phases, so that the only case where information was missing concerning some phases was Tallinn. All in all, the desired balances that were fixed at the beginning of the data collection have been mostly attained. The cases that were collected represent cities from Northern Europe (Oslo, Lahti, Umeå) as well as Southern Europe (Cagliari, Bologna, Turin), Eastern Europe (Tallinn) and Western Europe (Ghent, Nijmegen). An even greater variety could have been desirable, especially having Ljubljana and Lisbon as cases of an Eastern and a Southern 30 European green capital respectively. However, the general goal of having at least one case per geographical region was reached. As to the range of experiences with the EGCA, this is probably the one where the most significant balance has been reached, as the sample comprises an equal share of winners (Oslo, Lahti, Nijmegen), finalists (Ghent, Tallinn, Umeå), non-finalist applicants (Cagliari, Bologna) and current applicants of the 2022 edition (Turin, Tallinn). Lastly, the internal balance of points of view is the most difficult to assess. The goal of having at least two interviews per case has been reached in six out of nine cases. An essential limitation as related to the initial plan is that in only three cases a politician and a non-politician could be interviewed. The political point of view is thus quite limited. Another pitfall is that only four interviewees responded directly to an invitation addressed to them, while six were forwarded the invitation either by an alderman or the environmental office, and the remaining four were suggested by another interviewee. As a result, more than two-thirds of the interviewees were filtered by other members of the administration. All the interviewees were found later to have worked on the EGCA, so it can be presumed that contact people were chosen based on their experience on the matter. It is not possible to know for sure if gatekeeping has caused the exclusion of any relevant voices, however. Download 0.67 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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