Green Capitals "in the Hearts and Minds of the People"
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GreenCapitalsintheHeartsandMindsofthePeople
Chapter 3: Methodology Data Sources Qualitative research typically makes use of non-statistical data such as interviews, documents, audio and video materials (Patten & Newhart, 2018). For this research, it was initially considered to triangulate multiple sources, as this is acknowledged to increase validity in qualitative research (Trent & Cho, 2014; Patten & Newhart, 2018). In particular, interviews with municipal officials and document analysis were considered to validate each other. Nevertheless, when it came to gathering data, it turned out that there were considerable discrepancies in the amount and type of documents concerning the EGCA that each different municipality makes available. Not all participants to the EGCA publish their application, and a considerable amount of documents can be found only in the websites of winner cities. Even the EGCA website publishes mostly individual reports related to winning cities (European Commission, n.d.), which creates a massive gap between the data available for the cities according to what part of the contest they reached. Besides, both official applications and other EGCA documents are related to the quantitative criteria of the award and to the official narrative of the city as to what its impact was (Stockholm, 2011, 2015; Essen, 2018; Nijmegen, 2019; Oslo, 2020). Both aspects do not reflect the focus of this research on the perception of officials, as the official narratives mostly do not stress how the award was regarded and approached. Similar issues about availability and saliency are also reported in the literature, which warns that official documents are often biased when they are used in a competition such as the EGCA (Meijering et al., 2014). As a result, interviews with municipal officials have been chosen as the primary source of data, and official documents were used only to verify the facts respondents mentioned when it was possible. More specifically, the interviews carried out in this research belong to the category of elite interviews. An elite can be defined as “individuals or groups who ostensibly have closer proximity to power or particular professional expertise” (Lancaster, 2017; p.1). What distinguishes elite members from other interviewees is that their knowledge of the subject is supposed to be (when not assumed to be by some parts of the literature) much higher than the researcher’s (Harvey, 2011; Lancaster, 2017; Mason-Bish, 2018). Their power or professional status gives them a specialist mastery on the matter (Lancaster, 2017; Mason-Bish, 2018). In the case of this research, municipal officials who have worked 26 first-hand on the EGCA application, the Green Capital Year or the Green Capital Network have expertise not only on how the award organisation is seen from the inside but also on how their municipality works behind doors. It would be difficult to obtain such information through other sources. This group of officials, as well as elites in general, is extremely restricted for statistical standards (Harvey, 2010, 2011). As a consequence, qualitative analysis can be deemed the best instrument to gather an insight in their experience with the EGCA (Harvey, 2010). The literature provides several suggestions on how to identify and approach elite members, which have been taken into account when structuring this research. First of all, it has been underlined that power and official roles do not always coincide (Mason-Bish, 2018). Secondly, access is often considered an issue, as elite members usually do not have time for interviews (Lancaster, 2015; Harvey, 2011). The main solution literature suggests is being flexible with interview means as well as with time (Aberbach & Rockman, 2002; Harvey, 2010). Third, usually another person from the organisation of the elite member (a secretary, for instance) filters the people the researcher can get into touch with (Lancaster, 2015). The impact of having to cope with these so-called gatekeepers is controversial, as they are regarded either as an obstacle or an opportunity depending on how the researcher is capable of interacting with them (Harvey, 2010). The debate is still open as to how several factors influence an elite interview, from power inequalities to the interview channel (face-to-face vs remote interviews), location, gender, ethnicity, the role of mediators, duration and transcription techniques (recording vs taking notes) (Novick, 2008; Harvey, 2010, 2011; Weinmann et al., 2012; Lancaster, 2015; Petkov & Kaoullas, 2016; Mason-Bish, 2018). Since the impact of all these factors could be significant in determining the type and depth of the answers the researcher receives, many authors recommend to include a detailed description and a reflection on as many factors as possible in the research report (Harvey, 2010; Mason-Bish, 2018; Aguinis & Solarino, 2019). Since interviews are the primary data source of this research, such a suggestion is deemed particularly relevant. Thus, the following paragraph describes the data collection phase as much in detail as possible. Following that, a paragraph will also be dedicated to a reflection on how the research factors may have influenced the answers, most notably the fact the data collection has taken place during the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic. 27 |
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