Green Capitals "in the Hearts and Minds of the People"
The role of the European Green Capital Award
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GreenCapitalsintheHeartsandMindsofthePeople
The role of the European Green Capital Award
The larger debate on governance and soft tools has also touched the two biggest awarding schemes the Commission has dedicated to cities, namely the European Capital of Culture (ECoC) in the field of cultural policy, and the European Green Capital Award (EGCA) in the field of sustainability. The ECoC, launched in 1982, has been accused of commodifying culture in favour of media attention and tourism (Papanikolaou, 2012) while promoting a standard image of European city that marginalises unique local traits (Lähdesmäki, 2014). The EGCA, even if its career had begun only in 2008, has been criticised since its first editions for shifting its attention very quickly from a broader concept of sustainability encompassing environmental, social and economic indicators, to a focus on “green economy” which works as a form of greenwashing for traditional economic growth (Gulsrud et al., 2017; Rosol et al., 2017). Gulsrud et al. (2017) bring as evidence of that the fact that between 2008 and 2015 most of the environmental criteria have been aggregated, while new economic ones have emerged. Rosol et al. (2017) went even further by claiming that the 18 very creation of the award after the bid of the Tallinn Memorandum has been intended by city elites to legitimise their technocratic governance focused on economic growth through the Commission stamp as a “green city”. These critiques echo those expressed on city ranking and awarding in general. Nevertheless, alongside critiques, the ECoC has also been recognised as an acknowledgement that is capable of requalifying cultural infrastructures (Papanikolaou, 2012), and have a tangible economic impact as reflected by increased touristic rates (Falk & Hangsten, 2017) and GDP (Gomes & Librero-Cano, 2018). Such assessments are still missing in the EGCA literature instead. The EGCA may be too recent for such quantitative assessments, as similar studies require large samples of participants (Falk & Hangsten, 2017). Up to 2020, the total number of EGCA applications is 161, many of which come from the same city applying multiple times (EGCA, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014a, 2015a, 2016a, 2017a, 2018a, 2019a, 2020a). Possibly as a consequence of this, most of the literature on the award has been focused so far on its ranking system, which is the feature that has characterised the EGCA since the first edition (Berrini & Bono, 2011). Ratas & Mäeltsemees (2013) and Ruiz del Portal (2016), for instance, have been assessing whether the score of the EGCA criteria match the actual performances of cities. Their study brings them to the conclusion that the cities awarded by the EGCA are not the best performing applicants. Meijering et al. (2014) list the EGCA among several city rankings evaluating the sustainability performances of European cities, and their analysis concludes that its selection method is quite opaque. Finally, Gulsrud et al. (2017) consider the EGCA as a form of green city branding whose criteria drive the policies of the cities that want to achieve it. The authors analyse how both the selection criteria and the rhetoric of the winners have been shifting since the first editions towards economic development to the detriment of environmental protection, and suggest that bringing back the attention on the environment could help develop green spaces in cities. Now, all these analyses intend the EGCA as a form of city ranking, i.e. a system that orders cities based on their performance on specific attributes (Meijering et al., 2014; Elgert, 2018). As a matter of fact, the EGCA does include a ranking scheme in its first selection phase, as it was first described in the introduction to the thesis. The EGCA application procedure requires to provide a list of twelve specific quantitative criteria that are going to be judged by a panel of experts (EGCA, 2020a). The experts rank the applicants and identify a restricted number of finalists among top-score cities (generally less than five) (Berrini & Bono, 2011; EGCA, 2020a). This is exactly how sustainability city ranking schemes work, like the STAR ranking in the United States (Elgert, 2018). Nevertheless, this is just the first phase of the EGCA. At least three other phases can be identified afterwards, i.e. the final selection, 19 joining the EGC Network and, finally, holding the Green Capital Year. Other divisions of the process could be proposed, but for the sake of simplicity only the most important activities linked to the award are considered. In these three phases, then, ranking is not performed anymore, and the original ranking from the first phase seem to matters less and less after the winner is chosen (Berrini & Bono, 2011; EGCA, 2020a). In the finals phase, for instance, the EGCA winner is chosen after high-rank representatives (possibly the Mayor) of each finalist hold a round of presentations in front of a jury made out of European officials from the leading EU institutions (Commission, Parliament, agencies…) (Berrini & Bono, 2011; EGCA, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020a). The fact that the final judges are a mix of political and administrative officials introduces some considerations that go beyond data, such as the performance of a city representatives during the presentation and the capacity of their city to act as a model for others (EGCA, 2011, 2014, 2016; Meijering et al., 2014; Gudmundsson, 2015). Such judgements go beyond the kind of objectivity city ranking systems pursue, which is based on quantifiable performances (Elgert, 2018). If ranking were the only important phase of the EGCA, one could expect the top-rank applicant to be awarded without further judgements instead of having a second judgement based on non-quantitative considerations. In the following networking phase, all finalists and winners are free to join the EGC Network in order to keep in touch with other forerunners and help new winners (European Commission, n.d.). Here, rank matters for joining the network, but no activities related to ranking or to monitoring the original rank are performed (European Commission, n.d.). The EGCA management shows some of the traits that literature associates with TMNs instead (Bulkeley et al.,2003; Kern & Bulkeley, 2009). First, the EGCA has got its own formal structure, with a permanent Secretariat and an EGC Network that holds plenaries of the members (European Commission, n.d.). Second, the EGC Network organises seminars and thematic meetings for its members (European Commission, n.d.), which are typical TMN activities (Bulkeley et al. 2003, 2009). Third, the EGCA Secretariat disseminates knowledge and best practices through some publications such as its periodic Catalogue of Best Practices (European Commission, n.d.). While it is a matter of further enquiry whether the EGC Network is also engaging in other activities that characterise TMNs, such as lobbying and policymaking (Bulkeley et al., 2003; Kern & Bulkeley, 2009), it can be argued that the activities it already performs blur the categorisation of the EGCA as a ranking system. As a consequence, while it might be hasty to study the EGCA as a TMN, it appears that keeping the focus on its quantitative criteria as it has been done so far is missing some possibly essential developments related to the award. 20 Finally, when hosting the European Green Capital Year each winner focuses on organising and monitoring its own events. While a final report is sent to the EGCA Secretariat, no ranking has been performed on the performances of winners so far (Berrini & Bono, 2011; EGCA, 2020a). In this phase, then, ranking plays no role at all. However, the fact that a series of events are using the Green Capital label for an entire year could be expected to have some influence on the local debate on sustainability, similarly to the ECoC in the field of culture. Thus, if one considers only the first phase of the EGCA, ranking and its criteria can be expected to play some influence on urban policy, as existing literature claims. If the analysis considered all the phases, though, such a focus could appear to be very limited unless evidence shows that it is the only relevant one. Whatever conclusion is reached, it should be based on empirical evidence rather than deductive thinking. In order to overcome the limits of the current analysis on the EGCA, this thesis is going to do a step back by focusing on the reasons why city administrations decide to participate in it. Such a logical step has been taken already for some European soft tools, from agendas such as the Covenant of Mayors (Pablo-Romero et al., 2012) to TMNs for sustainability in general (Mocca, 2017;2018) and specific TMNs such as the Climate Alliance (Kern & Bulkeley, 2009; Hakelberg, 2014). In all these cases, analysing the point of view of cities has revealed much on the characteristics of soft tools and of urban governance more in general. In the case of the EGCA, adopting such an approach can bring to more in-depth insights into its logics and see whether officials are focused as much as the literature on its ranking or if other relevant dimensions emerge instead. Download 0.67 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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