Green Capitals "in the Hearts and Minds of the People"
A framework for studying the EGCA
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GreenCapitalsintheHeartsandMindsofthePeople
A framework for studying the EGCA
Most of the literature on European urban policy refers to European studies and urban studies as their background disciplines where analytic tools are taken from (Pierre, 2005, 2014, 2017; Kern & Bulkeley, 2009; Mocca, 2019). It has been useful then to review what instruments the existing literature can provide to create an analytical framework for the perception of the EGCA. Urban studies have been dominated until very recently by urban regimes theories focused on the characteristics of formal urban institutions such as municipalities (Pierre, 2005; Pierre, 2017). While this is particularly true among US authors, in Europe this focus has been 21 shifting since the 90s in favour of urban governance (Pierre, 2017) which, as was dealt with in the previous chapter, is a broader concept that encompasses several different ways of governing a city. Such a shift has had many methodological implications in the way cities are studied, as each governance approach is specific to the local context and to the policy it governs (Pierre, 2017), although the participation of the city administration may be deemed a point in common. Even so European urban governance studies have faced some criticism claiming that most of them end up describing in detail the unique traits of single governance cases without being able to generalise or compare their findings to create a theory (Adshead, 2002; Mocca, 2019). Such a weakness extends to urban studies researches as a whole, which rarely tend to generalise their findings (Pierre, 2005). In order to address this issue, comparative analysis has been advanced as the key to bridge the individual case studies and generalise their findings (Pierre, 2005; Denters & Mossberger, 2006; Robinson, 2011). Some cross-case concepts and frameworks have been advanced accordingly, from the ideal type of European city, which should facilitate comparison across EU cities (Giersig et al., 2006), to more general frameworks for multi-level analysis (Denters & Mossberger, 2006; Piattoni, 2010). From the methodological point of view, advocates of comparative research in urban studies have also promoted the adoption of quantitative analysis alongside “traditional” case studies in order to facilitate generalizability of results as much as possible (Pierre, 2005; Denters & Mossberger, 2006). Many practical difficulties have been underlined with studying cities through quantitative data. For instance, the number of comparable cases are is considered small for statistical standards when it comes to cities (Robinson, 2011) and the considerable differences in local conditions and available data among cities around the globe complicate the analysis even further (Robinson, 2011; Meijering et al., 2014). According to Robinson (2011), most studies tend to overcome these issues by applying existing theories, which are based on Western cities, to urban areas all over the world, failing to grasp the reality of most of them. Comparison as based on qualitative insights, on the contrary, can find a connection among different realities while representing their uniqueness. When it comes to analysing the EGCA, the lack of shared frameworks in the literature made the choice of a method quite complicated. While it would have been tempting to adopt the same quantitative methods that revealed the influence of ECoC on the local economy of its hosts (Gomes & Librero-Cano, 2016; Falk & Hangsten, 2017), that fact that only ten cities have hosted the EGCA so far means that a similar study would incur in a typical issue of comparative research: having more variables than cases (Lijphart, 1971). Plus, given that the EGCA involves the multiple dimensions of rating, networking and event-hosting, it would 22 have been challenging to choose some proper indicators to assess the influence of all of them simultaneously, while focusing on one would have inevitably overshadowed the others. Another issue was that isolating the impact of a young award as the EGCA amid the countless number of networks and events for sustainability cities are involved in simultaneously would have been a severe analytical challenge. A quantitative framework, as promoted by parts of the literature, does not seem a viable option at the current stage. At the same time, a single in-depth case study does not look suitable for an award that represents a transnational governance approach to urban sustainability. Relating an individual case would have been of much interest to understand how the EGCA was received in a specific administration, but the conclusions would not be generalisable if that experience were not interpreted against other ones. If the research focus is on how the EGCA is understood at the municipal level, then, an exploratory qualitative analysis encompassing a full number of possible cases appears to be the best instrument to inquire on it at this stage. This was also in line with existing literature on the EGCA, which mostly uses qualitative methods such as document analysis and interviews (Meijering et al., 2014; Gulsrud et al., 2017). While European urban governance analysis such as those referring to MLG does not offer a theoretical framework for comparison yet, several of their studies on TMNs define many operative concepts that have been influential in analysing the response of municipal administrations to several urban policy soft tools. Such analysis has been quite frequent in American urban studies, but some are also emerging for European cases (Pablo-Romero et al., 2015). The reasons for cities to join sustainability-dedicated TMNs, for instance, have been studied using quantitative variables by Hakelberg (2014) and Mocca (2017). While Hakelberg found that TMNs encourage cities to adopt plans for sustainable development through learning processes, Mocca identified five characteristics related to municipal politics that favour joining sustainability TMNs: being an economically developed city, having political champions inside the administration who promote networking, having past experiences with TMNs, having been ruled mostly by left-wing majorities in the last decades and being a local administrative centre (Mocca, 2017). Pablo-Romero et al. (2015) have adopted the same approach to study the Covenant of Mayors. Their findings defend that being a big city, being in good fiscal health, governed by liberals, having neighbours who are part of the covenant and receiving advice from other institutions are all factors that favour joining the Covenant of Mayors. The conclusions of these studies are of great interest in informing the choice of variables to focus on for this research. In particular, they highlight how a non-binding tool like TMNs or urban agenda 23 offer specific costs and benefits, both material and immaterial, to applicants. Whether a city administration attempts to join or not, then, depends on a series of characteristics related to local politics. These studies also add more insights and evidence to the claims of the literature on the inequalities that characterise soft tools dealing with urban governance. The different method and research object they adopt, though, does not allow to base an analytical framework on them for this research. The focus of this study is on the meanings that can be found among city officials, while these analyses on macro socio-economic variables focus on causal relationships. However, there is a follow-up to one of these studies that could offer a model. Mocca (2018) adopted a qualitative analysis based on the conclusion of her previous quantitative study to analyse exactly how the perception of municipal officials matched the quantitative findings. The follow-up research was based on interviews with fifteen municipal officials from seven European cities in six countries. Based on Kern & Bulkeley (2009), Mocca described three kinds of activities TMNs perform (Mocca, 2018): formative, as related to learning and knowledge sharing; economic, as related to facilitating access to EU funds, and political, as related to lobbying to influence EU institutions. These activities can be understood as incentives for European cities to join sustainability-related TMNs, and city administrations balance them against costs to decide whether it is advantageous or not to join. At the empirical level, Mocca (2018) also found that gaining international visibility is a substantial additional economic benefit of networking. The questionnaire that was used in the study touched upon some points as informed by the previous quantitative research: 1) reasons to join one or more European urban networks for sustainable development; 2) direct and indirect benefits of membership; 3) financial and non-financial costs of membership; 4) network membership as part of the city’s internationalisation strategy; 5) network membership as part of the city’s environmental policy; 6) process of joining and withdrawing from a network; 7) influence of politics over network membership. Similar questionnaires can also be found in American urban governance literature dealing with similar soft tools (Elgert, 2018), which confirms that dealing with the underlying reasons, expectations and political dynamics is critical when inquiring on why an administration chooses to join a voluntary soft tool. 24 Since quantitative studies on the reasons for applying to the EGCA are still lacking, the fact that Mocca’s questionnaire touches upon several themes in the literature on the reasons for participating in an European soft tool made it an ideal model for extending this approach to the EGCA. It was possible then to draw from existing literature on the reasons for joining other soft tools the variables for an analytical framework to explore how municipal officials perceive the EGCA. The main variables of the framework as re-elaborated from Mocca (2018) were : ● reasons for applying to the EGCA ● benefits associated with the EGCA ● costs associated with the EGCA ● presence of promoters of the EGCA inside or outside the administration ● role of the EGCA in the municipality policies Other extra variables that it was interesting to consider in order to have a clear view of the context in which each city took part in the EGCA were: ● phases of the EGCA the municipality has been through ● response to the EGCA by officials in the municipality This framework is in line with existing urban governance literature while adapting to the specific characteristics of the EGCA which, unlike most voluntary soft tools, involves a contest. There are multiple steps to take into account, namely applying, reaching the finals, joining the EGC Network and running the Green Capital Year. As not all applicants reach all phases, it is essential to have a variable highlighting the experience of each administration. At the practical level, this research has collected several accounts relating the experience of city administrations with the EGCA, and it to looked for patterns of meaning (see Moses & Newhart, 2012) that let emerge how this award is perceived and how those who worked with it behaved accordingly. The next chapter describes which data were collected for this research, how the collection was carried out and how the collected data were analysed and interpreted to let emerge some patterns of meaning related to the EGCA. 25 |
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