Gw issn 0001 0545 b 20004 f fieedmfa Indivicka/sf
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- The Banking System and Public Finance
- Afghan Commerce
- In Conclusion
- — The Committee For A Free Afghanistan, Washington DC, USA. 39
- Tendencies of the Russification Policy
37 After the Russian invasion of Afghani stan in December 1979, an additional 200 Soviet geologists were brought into Kabul. Afghan Industries The industrial sector, mostly textile in dustries, which was established and devel oped prior to the 1978 coup, and several development projects in this sector as in most other economic sectors, are now on the brink of collapse. Almost all textile industries (i.e. The Afghan Textile Company of Gulbahar, the various textile factories of Balkh, Pul-i- Chumri Kandahar, Herat, to name but a few), and other such industries in rural areas of the country, as well as the cotton processing industries like, the Spinzar Company in Kundz, Geno-Press Factories, and the Fertilizer Factories in Mazar-i- Sharif, etc. are closed down. Only the texile industries in Kabul are working under very bad conditions and below the capacity level. Thus, the total output of industries operating under such condition has tremendously decreased, and prices of such manufactured goods and services have risen to very high levels. The Banking System and Public Finance All Afghan banks (Afghanistan Bank is the Central Bank; National Bank, Pashtani Tejrati Bank, both commercial banks; Agricultural Development Bank; Indus trial Development Bank; Export Promo tion Bank, all specialized banks, and last but not least, the Construction and Mort gage Bank) have their headquarters in Kabul, the capital of the country. Existing heavy fighting inside Afghani stan has brought the banking system of the country to the verge of collapse and even its transaction activities in Kabul city have been minimized. Bank lending and credit policy has broken down. This fact encourages black market activities, as is usual in the USSR, and the traditional lending practises in the countryside i.e. the moneylenders. Even though Taraki’s decree Number Six outlawed usury, local moneylenders are performing their job successfully, charging exorbitant rates of interest (25-30%). The loans and credits distributed by the above-mentioned banks of the country in the years before April 1978 cannot now be collected. Because, all those who have borrowed and took credit from these banks have either fled the country, or been killed, have hidden in places where the govern ment does not have control, or they are loyal party members refusing to repay their debts for reasons of privilege or because the credits were taken before the Com munist take over in 1978. The foreign trade situation, which is based on barter arrangements with the USSR, is almost on the brink of collapse. Thus, the revenue figures of the Customs Department of the Ministry of Finance, for instance, which before 1978 played an important role in the GNP and the Budget Policy of the country (in the three years prior to 1978, customs duty revenues showed the amounts of approx. 5,5 billion Afs., 6,0 billion Afs., more than 6,0 bil lion Afs.) have fallen to their lowest level, and since 1978, revenues have shrunk by 95% over four years. Massoud, Commander-in-Chief of the Afghan freedom fighters, holding a Kalashnikov. 38 The country’s budget now is completely based on a deficit-spending policy, and the Central Bank only knows how to print and distribute paper money, which encou rages the process of inflation in the coun try, with prices soaring, so that low wages earners face financial obstacles and have to resort to local moneylenders. The existing situation has brought the system of banking and public finance to the verge of collapse, a shortage of hard cur rency prevails and the revenue figures of the public finance have been deeply dis rupted. Hence, government and private in vestment activities have been badly af fected, while prior to April 1978, US dol lars were found in surplus as a result of export manpower earnings in the neigh bouring OPEC countries. Afghan Commerce The foreign trade difficulties which Af ghanistan has faced since the Russian in vasion can be summarized as follows: — traditional trade routes to neigh bouring countries like Iran and Pakistan have been deeply disrupted by the fight ing of the people of Afghanistan against the Soviets and its installed regime. — Ever since the invasion by the Red Army, Afghanistan has been changed into a promising market for Soviet manufac tured goods and services (clothing, foot wear, sweets, vehicles, stationery, medi cine, canned food, dairy products, vodka, etc.) which are distributed all over Kabul. Canned food and vodka are brought primarily for the Soviet Red Army troops’ consumption, but high-ranking military officials reduce each soldier’s ration offering the rest for sale. Afghan domestic manu factured goods and local Afghan services such as, carpets, hides, skins, casings, agri cultural products such as, fresh and dried fruits, cotton, wool, nuts, oil seeds, medical herbs, and natural gas, are exchanged for Soviet manufactured products on a barter trade criteria. In Conclusion These comments are very much in the style of background material to an under standing of Afghan resistance of the Af ghan people to the Russification policies of the Kabul puppet regime and its Soviet advisers. The inventiveness of the Afghan resistance relies mainly on the traditional, religious, tribal, community and family structures which have not been integrated into the “new” Marxist Afghanistan. Long standing codes of behavior have been proven over the years whereas the so-called “new” ideas of the Soviets and their Kabul puppets do not fool the average Afghan person. As their struggle against the bar baric tyrants continues, we in the Free World, should understand that while they are using their traditions as a successful weapon to disrupt the attempts being made to forcibly Russify their society, they are constantly in need of all our support and aid because their enemies, the Soviet Rus sians, are only bound by one tradition — the tradition of murder and genocide. Poster issued by Contact — The Committee For A Free Afghanistan, Washington DC, USA. 39 Gen. Shukhevych-Chuprynka On the 35th Anniversary of the Death of a Hero “Still a moment and your voice will roar mightily over the ruins of the Kremlin, and the unchained mother-earth will write a song of praise in honour of the fighting-columns.’’ M. Boyeslav1 The leader of the Ukrainian Liberation Movement, General Taras Chuprynka, Tur, Lozovsky — his real name was Roman Shukhevych — died the death of a hero in the village of Bilohorshcha, near Lviv, 35 years ago on March 5, 1950. Roman Shukhevych became known to all Ukrainians as Taras Chuprynka, the surname he adopted from the distinguished Ukrainian patriot, poet and writer who was arrested and executed in 1922 in Kyiv by the Bolsheviks. At that time, just after the Ukrainian War of Independence, 1918- 21, the Ukrainian Liberation Movement was establishing itself underground and the All-Ukrainian Guerilla Centre in Kyiv, discovered and annihilated in 1922, was the first of its kind. It is fitting that the name of an outstanding figure in this first centre of underground resistance should have been used by the Commander-in- Chief of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UP A) which was the mature outcome of that earlier initiative. General Shukhevych-Chuprynka served with Ukrainian guerilla detachments dur ing the second World War, and his men were among those tens of thousands who gathered in the forests of Polissia and Volynia in 1942-3 to carry on their com mon struggle against Nazi cruelty and repressive occupation and also against those Bolshevik partisans who were para chuted into lands occupied by the Germans. The suspicion of Nazi intentions which had sprung up amongst Ukrainians with the arrest of members of the Provisional Ukrainian Government2 in 1941 had rapidly grown into a clear-sighted recog nition of the diabolical plans of Hitler with regard to Ukraine: national enslave ment; terror; complete destruction of many small towns and villages accom panied by inhuman acts at times surpas sing those of the Bolsheviks; deportations; incarceration, and wholesale plunder of the Ukrainian peasant. No wonder that large numbers of these long-suffering and unconquerable people formed groups for resistance in the marshes and forests, arming themselves as best they might, and inflicting every possible hindrance and embarassment on the German occupation forces. A number of commands combined in October 1942 to form the UPA. A high command was set up with Major Dmytro Klachkivsky as Commander-in-Chief and General Leonid Stupnytsky as Chief-of- Staff. These officers were soon to give their lives in the struggle, and in 1943 General Roman Shukhevych — hencefor ward Taras Chuprynka — became Com mander-in-Chief. From this time Chuprynka’s whole life and energy was devoted to the UPA. His personal sacrifices were great: after the Russian re-occupation his parents and his wife were sent to Siberian slave-camps, and his children taken away — so far as he knew — to be brought up under Bolshevik influence in Russia. But these disasters only served to strengthen the de termination of Chuprynka to free his country from the vile oppressor who, re placed for a few years by an equally vi cious and deadly foe, now once more threatened to complete the work of the annihilation of Ukraine which began in 1921. Towards the close of 1943, the UPA, (which had itself been helped into being 40 by the OUN3), set up a commission which, after many months of negotiation with re presentatives of political parties and centres all over Ukraine, convened a Su preme Ukrainian Liberation Council — SULC. This Council held its first Session on the eve of the Russian re-occupation of Ukraine in July 1944, and revised and adopted a draft constitution by which it became the underground Parliament of Ukraine and the organ of political leader ship of the Ukrainian people until the country was liberated. General Taras Chuprynka became the Chairman of the General Secretariat of the SULC and was appointed Supreme Commander of the UPA, which now be came subject to the SULC. His position as C-in-C of the Ukrainian forces was thus greatly strengthened. As a development of this political work, the General, in response to requests by representatives of other nationalities hav ing revolutionary organisations within the UPA, called a Conference of the Oppres sed Peoples of Eastern Europe and Asia. The Conference, representing 13 na tions and with thirty-nine delegates, adopted the slogan "Freedom for nations, freedom for the individual” and drew up an agreed-upon platform. So, the Anti- Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN) was born in the very cradle of resistance to aggressive occupation. As a military force, the UPA was by this time recognised as a formidable ele ment in the European war both by Ger mans and by the returning Bolsheviks. As the Germans retreated somewhat rapidly, the UPA was able to help itself to large stores of German arms for use against the Russians. Wisely, General Chuprynka had expressly forbidden any pacts or negotiations with the retreating Germans, and soon Red Army soldiers were streaming back into Ukraine. For a time, however, since these Red Army units consisted chiefly of Ukrain ians, the UPA refrained from armed ac tion and aimed at contacting and spread ing propaganda amongst their compatriots, incorporating into their own units those Red Army soldiers who decided to fight for their own country. Administrative centres were raided, and NKVD agents attacked; preventive action was taken to deter re-establishment of collective farms; the transport of grain out of Ukraine was impeded in every possible way, and so also was the deportation of Ukrainians to the Donbas and to remote regions of the USSR. Seeing the devastating effects of UPA hostility, the Russian leaders began, in the spring of 1945, to arrange the deporta tion of Western Ukrainians to Siberia and Kazakhstan, and this forced the UPA into open and armed conflict. The Russian leaders then sent in an army under Khrushchov and General Ryassny which fought the UPA — especially in the Carpathian region — for several months until it ceased its action, having been prevented from wiping out the UPA by the determined and well-trained resistance of the latter, and also by the defection of many of its own soldiers in response to UPA propaganda. And so the fighting has continued during the years of the second Bolshevik occupa tion. Those who have read Major S. Khrin’s account of the battle at Lishchava Horishnya4 in 1944 and of the raiding parties into Carpatho-Ukraine, South eastern Poland, and Slovakia in 1945s and other papers and reports coming from Ukraine, need little imagination to picture the incessant complexities and difficulties inherent in such a campaign for liberation as that waged since 1943 by the UPA. Such a variety of hostile actions, the con stant need for concealment of quarters, of ambulance stations, of supply dumps, and so on, calls for exceptional atten tion to and memory for detail in the Supreme Commander, and also for a 41 personal example that can serve as an inspiration to subsidiary leaders throughout the whole army and field of fighting. In face of the reverses that must daily be reported, the constant accounts of the strength and resource of the enemy-oc cupant, the sudden raised hopes that end in tragedy, the personality of the leader must present intrepid courage and faith in the final outcome, together with a patience that to the uninitiated might ap pear as a coldness of temperament or an aloofness of spirit. Such a man was General Taras Chu- prynka. The manner of his death — with in a few miles of one of the largest strongholds of the enemy — bears its own witness to his interpretation of his duty. The Bolsheviks so feared and hated the influence and the implacable example of this man that they spent lavishly on man power and equipment in their incessant effort to find him. Finally, during the struggle of UPA detachments against the renewed drive for collectivisation and “consolidation”, his H.Q. bunker was located at Bilohorshcha near Lviv by M.G.B. troops. In the ensuing skirmish Taras Chuprynka was killed. The news of his death, however, was not announced to the world until October 21 of that year. Chuprynka combined the qualities of military leadership with a creative poli tical insight that has enabled the Ukrain ian people to find the means to forge an instrument of political expression even under the continuing rigours of Bolshevik occupation. Roman Shukhevych-Chuprynka was an idealist. He was a revolutionary nation alist, soldier, strategist, political leader and statesman. He lead the OUN and the Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council in Ukraine during the hardest days of the underground fight. Under his command the OUN engraved its name in Ukrainian history as the only Ukrainian liberation- political organisation which dared to face the enemy in an open fight at a time of national crisis. General Taras Chuprynka, the initiator and organiser of the UPA, the SULC and the ABN, faithfully and firmly guarded the highest ideals of the nation and of God until the last moment of his life. He will remain in the heart of the Ukrainian people as an unforgettable symbol and as the embodiment of the spirit of the Ukrainian nation. In our hearts, the hearts of the present generation, his bril liant figure will always be the personifica tion of leadership, military command, and the supreme political authority of the state. R. M. 1 Marko Boyeslav, poet and writer who fought with the Ukrainian underground; author of Wayward Verse. 2 On June 30, 1941, the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) called a Na tional Assembly in Lviv, which elected a pro visional government and re-established the inde pendence of the Ukrainian State over the radio. 3 Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists, which was formed in 1929 under the leadership of Colonel Evhen Konovalets. 4 The Ukrainian Insurgent Army in Fight for Freedom. New York 1954, p. 189 ff. 5 The Ukrainian Liberation Movement in Modern Times. Oleh R. Martovych. 1951, p. 151 ff. “Among the UPA’s military successes in the initial period, worth mentioning are the destruction of S. Kovpak’s Red partisan band (which had planned to sta tion itself in the Carpathian Mountains) and the assassination of General Victor Lutze, the Chief of the German SA. The UPA forces destroyed the personal staff of Marshal M. F. Vatutin, commander of the 1st Ukrainian Front (who himself was fatally wounded). In a battle with Polish forces, K. Swierczewski, Poland’s Vice- Minister of Defence, was killed. Alexander Feldman The Ukrainian Review, II, 1985 42 Dr. Baymirza Hayit Turkestan as the Problem-Country of the Soviet Union ( conclusion) Tendencies of the Russification Policy Measures to intensify the influences of Russian culture have been, for a long time, disguised as appearances of internation alism. Here the role of the Russian lan guage in the Soviet society had priority. From the early fifties this language had been declared as the second mother tongue for non-Russians and had been dealt with accordingly. In the seventies, however, it became quite obvious that the Soviet Rus sians regard internationalism as russifica tion, but because of the behaviour of the Turkestanis, this word is not used, instead the following parole is used: “The Rus sian language is the language of friendship and solidarity of the peoples of the USSR”. At the Russian language conference in May 1979 in Tashkent it became clear that the Soviet regime demanded that the Russian language must be used more and more by non-Russians. The Soviet leadership has shown that, at the present time, the ques tion of learning the Russian language is managed in an even more radical way than was done in the Stalin era. In May 1938, Stalin gave the order that non-Russian children had to learn the Russian language from the third school-year onwards. This was a law. At present, the children of Turkestan have to learn the Russian lan guage from the first school-year onwards.47 Knowing that today more than one million Turkestani children are educated primarly in Russian and not in their mother tongue, and that participation in lessons held in their mother tongue is voluntary, it is easy to conclude that the present Soviet leader ship has made considerable progress with regard to the cultural policy of the Stalin era. At present, there are even efforts to educate children in kindergartens, in Rus sian. This policy of russification annoys the people of Turkestan, including party of ficials, and many national intellectuals. Many visitors to Turkestan have reported that the every day language in busses, of fices, trains and aeroplanes inside the country is Russian amongst the inhabitants themselves. According to a declaration of Sharaf Rashidow “the ability to speak Russian means that this is not only the way to master the top echelons of science, technics, culture and art, but also an important need of life as a whole, an important economic and political task, and a guarantee of suc cess in the ideological field”.48 The increase of Russian elements in the towns, in industry and the administration can be recognised just as the overall in crease in use of the Russian language. Ac cording to the Soviet government this subject is being falsified in other countries. The Russians are trying to prevent the dis closure of their policy of russification.40 Download Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling