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- Guerilla Strategy and Tactics — a Marxist-Leninist Prerogative
- 1. Against an effectively organised enemy it is necessary to fight in small units
- 3. Harassment
- 4. Diversionary tactics
- Why the forged “recantation”
- The evidence of forgery
9 Heavy artillery for defending strong points and light artillery to be moved quickly with horses. Every region had a school for non-commissioned officers and in Western Ukraine officers’ schools were operated. The military training came under the Military Instructions Section of the UPA. This section published a manual on guerilla warfare. The political and psychological warfare section of the UPA published two publications to keep the freedom fighters informed and motivated. In April, 1944, the Red Army commenced attacks on UPA forces with up to 30,000 elite troops and in the late autumn of 1944 the anti-UPA offensive was continued with two regular divisions. In 1945 the Soviet Russians used classical anti-guerilla tactics to make the struggle harder for the UPA. Great areas of forest were burnt down. In December, 1945, NKVD started an offen sive that was to continue for half a year. Guerilla controlled areas were blocked by Soviet Russian troops to starve the insurgents. In the last major offensive against the UPA the Soviet Russians used Communist Czecho-Slovakian and Communist Polish troops along with Russian. The operation continued through 1947 and 1948. As a result the UPA split into small units and escaped into forests and mountains in Western Ukraine. It was during this period that the UPA dispatched units westwards, to make the struggle known in the West. One of the groups travelled 1,500 kilometers across Czecho-Slovakia and Austria into West Germany. In the first years of the 1950’s the UPA grew less and less able to fight against large communist units and turned partly to covert forms of resistance like sabotage and, by 1952, armed resistance had almost ceased. However, Ukrainians in concentration camps continued to struggle and greatly contributed to the de-Stalinization process. Guerilla Strategy and Tactics — a Marxist-Leninist Prerogative Between 1950 and 1975 a vast library of books on guerilla warfare has been published. Most of these books have very little or nothing to say on anti communist insurgency of the type carried out by the UPA. So, for instance, Robert B. Asprey’s 1600 page “War in the Shadows — The Guerilla in History” of 1975 contains not one single word on the UPA. Since the end of the Vietnam war in 1975 the tables have started to turn against Moscow and there is a great need for anti-communist guerilla warfare analysis. Can the tactics of the UPA serve as a model for modern combat on communist territory? To find a few answers to this question it is necessary to analyse some of the tactical principles of the UPA. I will limit myself today to five cases, but there are of course many others, if thorough research were to be devoted to this problem. 1. Against an effectively organised enemy it is necessary to fight in small units The preferred size of fighting units in the UPA was platoon or company. It is a universal truth of guerilla warfare that small units fight better against regular troops and are more moveable, which is of great importance to the guerillas. 10 2. Raids The UPA perfected the art of the raid to destroy posts, supply depots and communication centres, to capture military equipment and liberate political prisoners from jails and concentration camps. Typical of the UPA raids was the one on the town of Radekhiv on April 26-27, 1945. NKVD and NKGB detachments guarded a concentration camp for political prisoners established in the town. The task of the UPA forces was to liberate all the prisoners. All highways and the railroads were heavily guarded to prevent Soviet reinforce ments. Road blocks were thrown up and railroads were mined. Six UPA groups were used in the operation. At 24.00 hours the groups entered the town. The camp was stormed and the prisoners released. Later they were dispersed in all directions from outside the town. At 03.00 hours the UPA retreated and at dawn there were no insurgents left in town. Raids may also be used for a political purpose. To attract the attention of the population in new areas. The UPA made raids for that purpose into Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Austria and West Germany and to Eastern Ukraine. In Angola the UNITA insurgents fighting the communist regime and its Cuban support troops make similar raids far into government controlled areas. UNITA controls large areas in southern Angola but has made raids far into the northern province of Uige. 3. Harassment Harassment was used by the UPA to keep the enemy in a state of constant tension, uncertainty and alertness. The size of the unit used for harassment was usually a squad. The UPA frequently harassed the Wehrmacht. But also Rus sian occupants were targets. Similar tactics are used by the Afghan freedom fighters against the Soviet occupation forces and their Afghan quisling troops, to mention one modern example. 4. Diversionary tactics Cutting telephone and telegraph lines, loosening railroad tracks, setting fire to houses used as quarters for enemy troops, burning food supply depots, sabo taging factories, destroying electric power plants and individual attacks against security police chiefs and collaborators are all examples of diversionary actions used by the UPA and included in almost all of modern insurgencies against communist regimes. 5. Ambush In every defensive and offensive position ambush was a strong weapon of the UPA. It was a powerful weapon to demoralize the enemy. One of the most famous cases of UPA ambushes was the killing of the general of the Nazi Sicherheitsdienst, Victor Lutze, in May 1943. Lutze had left the city of Rivne with a convoy of heavily armed security guards. First in the convoy were a number of cars with Nazi officials followed by SD troops on motorcycles. After them came about 30 cars with guards and in one of these was general 11 Lutze. The ambush was set up by an UPA company near the town of Kievan. Outside the town the highway enters a dense forest. One platoon was positioned here. This was in order to let the convoy of cars pass and then block the retreat. Other units took their positions in the forest on both sides of the highway. The column of cars entered the forest and the insurgents opened fire. Lutze was riddled with bullets at close range. Erich Koch never admitted that Lutze was ambushed by the UPA. He was reported to have been killed in a “car accident”. The UPA experiences in fighting Soviet Russian troops ought well to serve as a model in Afghanistan, although there are differences in development and physical environment, as well as weaponry between Ukraine and the only country where presently Soviet Russian forces on a massive scale are involved in anti-guerilla warfare. The ambush is a favoured tactic of the Afghan freedom fighters, the Mujahideen. Several ambushes in Afghanistan of Soviet military convoys have even been shown on Western television. Fortunately for the UPA, during World War II the Soviets lacked a new, dangerous anti-guerilla weapon: the helicopter gunship. Still the Hind MI-24 helicopter gunship is not invulner able. If the insurgents possessed ground-to-air missiles it would be relatively easy to shoot down. There is a great need for an anti-communist guerilla warfare theory. Theore tical works that apply older historical experiences of insurgent-partisan warfare, such as that of the UPA, to more recent insurgencies. A large number of writers on guerilla warfare in the West have dismissed the possibility of insurgency on communist territory on two major grounds: — the population in a communist country either could or would not sup port an insurgency; — the conviction of historical irreversability of communist revolutions deriving from the belief that history runs on set stages. The ongoing insurgencies on communist territory have shown that these assumptions are wrong. There is presently a lack of coordination and solidarity between insurgents fighting communist regimes. The West has a responsibility to assist in sup porting meetings among leaders and theoreticians of these insurgencies around the world. Exchange of information and observers in the field would be an important step. UPA veterans and students of UPA warfare can in many re spects serve an important role here. As stated by H arry Rositzke in his book, “American secret operations” (Reader’s Digest Press, New York, 1977), the West did almost nothing to support the UPA after World War II. Two American trained radio operators remained with the UPA until what Rositzke claims was the end of November 1953. According to him, by then only a large-scale military supply effort would have saved the UPA. The meagre support served the UPA only in two respects: to give a line to fellow countrymen in the West and to keep up morale to a certain extent. The struggle of the UPA during World War II and after for over ten years against two superpower armed forces has been unequalled until this day. The hope of the UPA leaders that the struggle between Nazi Germany, the Anti- Comintern countries and the Allies would continue long enough so as to exhaust the two sides and leave room for an independent Ukraine, did not become 12 reality. The Nazis retreated from Ukraine after a few years of occupation and Soviet Russia soon regained strength after the 1941-42 defeats. In 1945 the UPA was surrounded by areas controlled by the Red Army and no help from the West was forthcoming. No help even after the true intentions of Moscow in Eastern Europe became evident. Few or no insurgencies are suc cessful, if support is not coming through a neighbouring country. In the Vietnam war Russian equipment was poured into North Vietnam to be brought to the South along the Ho Chi Minh trail. Without Russian support N V A /N LF would probably have had no chance of winning the war in South Vietnam. It is important for the insurgencies on the three continents, fighting against communist regimes and that have been going on now since 1975, that books are written about them and that intellectuals argue over the details and the theoretical foundations. The insurgent experience in Ukraine can well serve as a model encouragement for modern freedom fighters struggling to overcome a communist totalitarian system. “Officer’s Briefing” of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) in the forest near the villages of Limna and Kraina, County Bircha near Peremyshl, 'Western Ukraine. The group known as “Kholodny Y ar” (Cool Ravine), was photographed on April 19, 1947. (Photo: Commander Burlaka). 13 KGB Forges “Recantation” By Yuriy Shukhevych A KGB publication in Kyiv, Visti z Ukrainy (News from Ukraine), No. 28, for July 1985, published a lengthy article with what purports to be several excerpts from a “letter of recantation” written to the editors by Yuriy Shukhevych, one of the most senior and best-known Ukrainian political prisoners. In this “letter”, Yuriy Shukhevych allegedly criticises “Ukrain ian nationalism” and the activities of his father, Gen. Roman Shukhevych (Taras Chuprynka), Commander of the Ukrain ian Insurgent Army (UPA) and leader of the resistance in Ukraine, and renounces his own “mistaken path” — ideas, which he had defended unfalteringly, and for which he had suffered unceasingly, includ ing the loss of his sight, for almost 40 years. All the facts point to only one thing — that this alleged “letter” is a forgery. Why the forged “recantation”? In their press statement of August 2nd, 1985, Nina Strokata and Sviatoslav Kara- vanskyi, former prisoners of the Gulag and close friends of Yuriy Shukhevych, now living in the USA, state that this “recantation” is a forgery and explain the reason behind it. They say that the forging of “confessions” or “recantations” is a new method now practised by the KGB to break the will to resist of political prisoners in the USSR. The publication of such alleged “recantations” in the West is designed to destroy the credibility of the particular political prisoner and thus to put an end to the campaign for his release in the Free World. Once the pris oner discovers that he has been morally destroyed in the opinion of the West this completely shatters his belief in himself and destroys his will to go on resisting and standing up for what he believes. Such methods go even beyond all physical and other torture and brutality. This new method was first tried on Ivan Sokulskyi and then on Oles Berdnyk. Now the KGB is trying to break the spirit of Yuriy Shukhevych. Yuriy Shukhevych has recently com pleted his third 10-year sentence in Soviet Russian prisons and labour camps. He is currently completing a 5-year term of in ternal exile in Siberia. Shukhevych has spent virtually his entire life, from the age of 14, as a political prisoner for his Ukrainian nationalist beliefs and for re fusing to renounce his father and to de nounce the liberation struggle of the O r ganisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). Because of his unshattered stance Yuriy Shukhevych became a living symbol of Ukrainian resistance to Russian occupa tion, especially for the younger genera tions both in Ukraine and abroad. As a result of mass demonstrations held out side Soviet embassies throughout the Free World, the many petitions and numerous articles published in the Western press, his name also acquired a symbolic meaning for the Western public. In addition, Western diplomats and academics also began to raise the case of Yuriy Shukhe vych at various international gatherings on human rights, and demanded from the Soviet Russian delegates that he should be released. Eventually the case of Yuriy Shukhevych even aroused the interest of individual governments and parliaments. For example, during his proclamation of Captive Nations Week on July 16th, 1984, President Reagan singled out Yuriy Shukhevych as an “imprisoned Ukrainian patriot”, who represented the struggle for freedom. On January 22nd, 1985, in his statement marking Ukrainian indepen dence day (1918), President Reagan re ferred to Shukhevych as someone, who had received especially harsh treatment 14 and a particularly long term of imprison ment for espousing the principles of demo cracy and freedom. Then, 135 US Con gressmen sent a letter to Mikhail Gor bachev asking for Yuriy Shukhevych to be released and allowed to go to the USA. Similar actions on behalf of Yuriy Shu khevych also took place in other Western countries. On account of these factors, Yuriy Shu khevych became a serious problem for Moscow, especially prior to the com memoration of the 10th anniversary of the signing of the Helsinki Accords held in Helsinki at the end of July, 1985, where the Kremlin anticipated great pres sure on Moscow to release Yuriy Shu khevych. For this reason Moscow decided to forge a “recantation” by Yuriy Shukhe vych in order to disinform and deceive the West and the Ukrainian community abroad, and hence to destroy him morally in their eyes and thereby to end the wide spread campaign to secure his release. The evidence of forgery There are several facts that prove the “letter” published in Visti z Ukrainy to be a forgery. For instance, letters of this nature are not usually sent to this publica tion, which is specifically aimed at Ukrain ians living outside Ukraine, as well as foreign readers, with the sole purpose of disinformation and also the defamation of the Ukrainian resistance movement. Usually such “letters” are sent to the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR or the Ukr. SSR, or else to the various newspapers of the individual republics. The KGB could not do this, however, because it was well aware that sooner or later the “letter” would have been proven to be a forgery to the embarrassment of the CPSU and the Kremlin. This makes it quite obvious that the KGB wanted this “recantation” to be purely for Western consumption and not for the people in Ukraine, aiming to spread confusion and disinformation. In addition, when the “letter” was published, Yuriy Shukhevych was still isolated in a far-off locality, so he was unable to de nounce it himself as a KGB provocation. Similarly, for the same reason, it was published in Visti z Ukrainy, which is inaccessible to people in Ukraine, unlike the other press in which recantations are usually printed in order to prevent friends of Yuriy Shukhevych from discovering the existence of the forged “letter” and making a protest. Secondly, there is the very obvious fact of handwriting. The handwriting on the alleged “recantation” is different to that on a recent letter handwritten by Yuriy Shukhevych while already blind. This has been confirmed by close friends of Yuriy Shukhevych, who are in posses sion of his letters, as well as a handwriting expert, Katarina Stuhlmann-Kortin. She states convincingly that the “letter of re cantation” was written by a hand other than that of Yuriy Shukhevych. (The re port of the expert is given below). Thirdly, the latest information from Ukraine and the places of exile of Ukrain ian patriots confirms that Shukhevych’s closest friends know nothing about the existence of such a “letter” and that they are most surprised because he has never intended to recant. In a recent letter to a friend, written earlier this year, Yuriy Shukhevych confirmed his beliefs and his firm stand in their defence. Thus, on all counts the “letter of re cantation” allegedly written by Yuriy Shukhevych and printed in Visti z Ukrainy is a forgery. Its obvious intention is to convey the false notion that one of the most senior Ukrainian political prisoners has recanted his beliefs and thereby to put an end to the campaign for the re lease of Yuriy Shukhevych in the West. Ukrainian Central Information Service, August 21, 1985 15 Biography Yuriy Shukhevych was born on 28. 3. 1933 in Lviv. He is married with two children. H e was first arrested in 1948 at the age of 14 and sentenced by the OSO (the Special Board or ‘troika’) of the Ministry of State Security (MGB) to 10 years for no apparent reason other than the fact that his father was the leader of the armed resistance against the Soviet Rus sian regime. He was released in 1956 because a Vla dimir court had ruled that he had been illegally arrested as a minor, but was forced to complete his term after the intervention of the USSR Procurator Ge neral, who argued that Shukhevych had attempted to establish contacts with the OUN abroad and that his father had been the leader of the resistance in Ukraine. Shortly before his release, Shukhevych was visited by an officer of the Lviv KGB, who suggested that he denounce his father publicly. Yuriy Shukhevych reject ed this suggestion. On the day of his re lease, August 21st, 1958, he was re-ar rested on fabricated charges of “anti-So viet agitation and propaganda” among the prisoners in Vladimir prison. He was transferred to Lviv, where a closed ses sion of the regional court sentenced him to 10 years of imprisonment on December 1st, 1958. Several weeks later he received another visit from the same KGB officer who said that Shukhevych’s case would be reviewed if he denounced his father and the OUN. He refused once again. Similar proposals were advanced to him by the authorities on at least two oc casions, in 1961 and 1964, but without success. Shukhevych was released in 1968, but was barred from returning to Ukraine for a period of 5 years. He settled in Nal- chyk, Kabardino-Balkar ASSR, where he was married. On March 26th, 1972, Yuriy Shukhevych was re-arrested for “anti-So viet agitation and propaganda” and sen tenced to 10 years of special regime camp and 5 years of internal exile, on Sep tember 9th, 1972. In February, 1979, Shukhevych joined the Ukrainian Helsinki Group. Shortly before he was released from camp into exile, in Februany, 1982, he underwent an unsuccessful eye opera tion that left him blind. Download Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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