"impact of european union public procurement legislation on the albanian public procurement system" republika e shqip
The new approach proposed by the Directive on award criteria, especially
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- The transposition of the relevant directive’s provisions on procurement procedures should be done, considering both, the Directive’s perspective and
- National context and internal factors are very important factors regarding the approximation process. Such legislative interventions, to implement the relevant
- 2015 270 Some of the Directive’s provisions are strictly related to the fact of the state
- 2015 271 One of the key aspects which should be taken into consideration along the
- of the legislation on the public procurement sector, at the end it is only approximation, and not a copy of the respective Directives.
- 6.2 Recommendations
The new approach proposed by the Directive on award criteria, especially regarding life-cycle costing (LCC), might be very helpful to the Albanian procurement system, but except for the necessary changes in the legal framework, two key actions should be undertaken for this purpose; the approval of a methodology based on international experience and the education of procurement officials and auditing officials in this regard. The Albanian procurement rules generally comply with the relevant Directive (s) rules on defining the award criteria. They provide as well for two types of award criteria; the lowest price and the most economically advantageous tender (MEAT). Even the context of applying such criteria is the same, despite the fact that Albania is not an EU member. However, there are still some differences, which reflect the environment where PPL is applied. The environment impact is clearly reflected by the fact that, in practice more than 90% of the contracting authorities use the lowest price criterion. MEAT is mandatorily used only in case of consultancy services procedures. This situation is explained by the low level of professionalism and “fear of discretion” in the public procurement system in Albania. To promote the use of MEAT, the PPL, differently from the Directive, has even provided for some conditions when CA are allowed to use the lowest price. Along the same line come also the limitations of the PPL, not providing for the possibility of expressing weightings of the criteria by providing for a range with an appropriate maximum spread, and for the possibility of indicating in the contract notice or contract documents or, in the case of a competitive dialogue, in the descriptive Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 267 document, the criteria in descending order of importance, where, in the opinion of the contracting authority, weighting is not possible for demonstrable reasons. However, considering the fact that new Directive introduces a number of significant changes with regard to contract award criteria on one hand and considering the fact that the practice in the Albanian procurement system has showed that MEAT criterion is rarely used by the contracting authorities and this is explained with the low level of professionalism and “fear of discretion”, on the other hand, it should be admitted that it will be very difficult to effectively implement in the Albanian procurement regime the new approach proposed by the Directive especially regarding life-cycle costing (LCC). As such the new approach proposed by the Directive might be very helpful, but except for the necessary changes in the legal framework, two key actions should be undertaken for this purpose (to implement MEAT and LCC in the procurement procedures); the approval of a methodology based on international experience and the education of the procurement officials and auditing officials in this regard. The transposition of the relevant directive’s provisions on procurement procedures should be done, considering both, the Directive’s perspective and Albanian context as well. Aiming at their effective implementation, EU rules should not only be transposed into the PPL, but first they should be adapted to the national context, especially when speaking for optional changes. Procurement procedures are the life and soul of public procurement regulations. Contracting authorities should make use of all possible means at their disposal under national law in order to choose the most appropriate procedure, which on the other hand will help them to achieve the objectives of the procurement process. Procurement procedures in broad terms may be categorized as standard procedures, special procedures and exceptional procedures. Procedures may be characterized as standard when the contracting authority can use them in any circumstances and for any type of contract covered by the Directive. By contrast, procedures have a special nature when they can be chosen only according to specific grounds for use. Finally, procedures are deemed exceptional when they function as a final alternative enabling a contract award when all else fails. Generally speaking, the procurement procedures and procurement tools, provided by the Albanian PPL, are in compliance with the relevant provisions of the Directive 2004/18. However, in some cases, PPL provisions are adapted to the national context. This ‘adaption’ aims mainly to provide stricter rules than those provided by the relevant Directives. This is also evident by the fact that all procedural requirements set by PPL are equally applicable for all procurement contracts, despite their estimated value. This stricter approach of the PPL is justified with the ‘fear’ of the misuse of the law to narrow the competition in a procurement procedure. Some of the procurement procedures and procurement tools (such as competitive dialogue, dynamic purchasing system and electronic auctions) are not provided at all in the PPL. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 268 Considering also changes that the new Directive brings to the procurement procedures, the PPL should be changed in this regard, as well. However, the transposition of the relevant Directive’s provisions should be done, considering both, the Directive’s perspective and Albanian context as well. The Directive’s perspective seems to be the ground for the use of flexible procedures. It is not entirely clear from the wording of the substantive provision how flexible the new provision is intended to be. However, if you scrutinize the wording of the Recitals you get the impression that the grounds should be interpreted in an extremely flexible manner. Such approach of the Directive might be confusing and will be reflected directly at the national approach. Considering the past experience with this approach, adding here and the ‘supposed extreme flexibility’ of these procedures, they might be legally speaking, transposed into the PPL, but it is not sure if they will really be implemented in practice. As such, aiming at their effective implementation, they should not only be transposed into the PPL, but first they should be adapted to the national context, especially when speaking for optional changes. The New Public Sector Directive aims to provide for more simplified and flexible public procurement regime. The Albanian procurement law, while considering the implementation of new directive, should consider also the internal environment especially, for that type of provision suggesting more flexibility. One of the main objectives of the revision of the EU public procurement regime including the new Public Procurement Directive 2014/24 has been the simplification and so-called flexibilization of the regime. Thus, this Directive provides more freedom to public purchasers to negotiate (constraints on using the competitive negotiated procedure have been relaxed, so that this procedure is available for any requirements that go beyond “off - the - shelf” purchasing). The new rules also encourage and allow preliminary market consultation between buyers and suppliers, which should facilitate better specifications, better outcomes and shorter procurement times. In the light of flexibilization of the regime, the Directive provides as well for the possibility of assessing credentials of candidates and bidders through suppliers’ self-declarations, and where only the winning bidder should have to submit various certificates and documents to prove their status and also self-cleaning measures, for suppliers who have cleaned up their bad practices. Apart for the flexible approach, generally speaking, Directive 2014/24/EU provides for mostly mandatory rules that have to be implemented by Member States. Many provisions that were optional under 2004 Directives became mandatory in accordance with the 2014 Directives. This new approach will change the position of the PPL towards the Directive’s provisions. Several 2004/18/EC Directive provisions, which up to today are not implemented and justified with the fact that they were not mandatory even for Member States, now should be implemented in the Albanian procurement law as well. However, the implementation of the Directive’s provisions, as analyzed above, should be done considering also the environment and national context where they will be implemented. The national context should be considered especially for that type of provisions Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 269 suggesting more flexibility. The increased flexibility might be misused by contracting authorities to discriminate some tenderers and/or favor others. Another obvious disadvantage closely related to the first mentioned is that increased flexibility to some extent will scare off potential tenderers as they might fear that contracting authorities will take advantage of the increased lack of transparency by discriminating tenderers. The same concern should be also about the possibility of technical dialogue prior to the start of the tender procedure. Such a dialogue can lead to a violation of the principle of equal treatment, and a tenderer that has been involved in technical dialogue may, or in some cases, shall be excluded as a consequence. This stems from the fact that the technical dialogue might have given these firms a clear advantage in the competition for the public contract as they may have obtained additional information concerning the contract in question and an advantage in time compared to the competitors. The technical dialogue also implies an apparent risk of distortion of competition as a firm can seek to influence/affect the elaboration of the tender specification and arrangement of the tender procedures to its own advantage. Albanian environment is still too fragile for such flexibility. National context and internal factors are very important factors regarding the approximation process. Such legislative interventions, to implement the relevant Directives should go along with economic and social changes, as public procurement is not only a legal process, but it is also an economic and social process. Another aspect which should be considered along the integration process is the entire environment where this process takes place. The precondition for Albania in this sector is to fully approximate its legislation in a relatively short period of time, meaning that in such short period of time the Albanian public procurement system should move from a very infantile phase of some years ago toward a much consolidated phase the EU Member States are in nowadays. It is true that Albania has only to follow models which already exist in the EU, but it is also obvious that only the fully approximation of the legislation does not mean the accomplishment of the process. The final objective is to make the legislation applicable. Making the public procurement legislation applicable and realizing a fully functional procurement system in line with EU standards, does not mean only harmonization with the respective EU Directives, but it is necessary to harmonize this legislation with other legal framework in Albania. Otherwise it will not be workable. As discussed above, internal factors are very important as well. Such legislative interventions should go along with economic and social changes, as public procurement is not only a legal process, but it is also an economic and social process. At the end of the day, PPL is a national law, and a national law will be “shaped” also by the concrete context and environment where it is applied. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 270 Some of the Directive’s provisions are strictly related to the fact of the state subject to them is an EU Member State and some of them are optional for Member States themselves. As discussed and analyzed in several situations above, some of Directive’s provisions are applicable only to Member States, which is quite loyal considering the fact that Directives aim to regulate public procurement within EU. If we recall the example of the case of application of the Common Procurement Vocabulary (CPV), in Albania, this coding system might not be directly implemented and applicable in Albania, as of the date of Albania’s accession to the EU, since CPV is adopted as such by means of an EU regulation. Another example of this situation comprises implementation of the Prior Information Notice (PIN). The Albanian PPL does not foresee such an instrument. Seen in the context of the obligation and commitments undertaken with the SAA, it will not be the case of ‘non-approximation’ as this is optional even for Member States. On the other hand, if it will be the case that Albanian law will provide for such mechanism anyway (even though it is not obligatory), in practice it will not be possible to implement it, because it is required that the notice itself, or the fact of publication of this notice on the buyer profile, should be published in any case, by the Publications Office of the EU. As such, it seems that this mechanism is meant only for states which are directly subject to the Directive, and there is no meaning to require a non-Member State to introduce such a mechanism in its national procurement law, because the required objective will not be achieved. The EU Public Sector Procurement Directive(s) and Albanian Public Procurement Law have different natures and different objectives (for the time being). The Albanian PPL is a national law which aims to regulate the public procurement system in the country. The respective EU Directives are supranational laws, which aim to regulate the public procurement system within the EU, instructing Member States to implement (in whatever way is required) certain Union policies within a fixed timetable. From this different nature of both acts induces the differences in their objectives. From its origins, one of the main objectives of the EU has been to create a common market that eliminates barriers to trade in goods and services between EU Member States. Creating a common procurement market means removing all barriers to trade arising from the procurement context. Practically the aim of the Procurement Directives is to create an internal market where there is a free movement of goods and services and effective competition for public contracts. This aim is clearly expressed at the preamble of both procurement Directives. This aim of the procurement directives to create an internal market has also been stated by the Court of Justice in several cases. On the other hand, the PPL calls for the principle of competition in those same situations as Directive does. However referring to the objective and scope of the PPL, it is obvious that the function of this principle is to support the efficiency of the procurement system and this is understandable considering the fact that PPL is a national law. Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 271 One of the key aspects which should be taken into consideration along the integration process is that despite the fact that requirement and commitment from both sides is for fully approximation of the legislation on the public procurement sector, at the end it is only approximation, and not a copy of the respective Directives. The analysis of the EU Directives’ contents demonstrates that the respective Directives not only are directly addressed to the EU Member States, but show also that they are not binding one hundred percent even for these countries. On the other hand, according to the commitments and obligations of SAA Albania is required and committed to fully approximate the Albanian procurement legislation with respective EU Directives as a preliminary step to join the EU. Analyzing the expression “full approximation with EU Directives”, which lies in the foundations of the integration process, it is very important to understand and interpret in the right way these two words; “full” and “approximation”. Their understanding should not be done separately to each other. It is true that requirement and commitment from both sides is for full approximation of the legislation on the public procurement sector, but at the end it is only approximation, and not a copy of the respective Directives. To this respects, this is one of the key aspects which should be taken into consideration along the integration process. The approximation and/or adaptation theory is not valid only for countries like Albania, which aspire to become EU Member, but also for the EU Member States themselves. This approach of transposition of EU Directives into the national legislation of the Member States, is affirmed clearly by the ECJ, which has stated that “…is not necessarily required that its provision be incorporated formally and verbatim in express, specific legislation, and that a general legal context may, depending on the content of the directive, be adequate for the purpose, provided that it does indeed guarantee the full application of the directive in a sufficiently clear and precise manner…” 1034 . Having analyzed all above the approximation process, at the end it can be stated with certainty that in the public procurement sector Albania has made great progress toward the approximation with the acquis 1035 . It is important however, to keep in mind that the 1034 See Court of Justice Case C-433/93, Commission v Germany, paragraph 18. 1035 According to the National Plan for European Integration 2015-2020 “The current public procurement law is partially approximated with relevant EU legislation. Although some provisions have been fully or partially aligned, further legislative work is needed to the full approximation in the field, as specified in the MSA. At the beginning of 2014 they were approved new EU directives on public procurement, and the Albanian legislation in this area should be subject to the necessary changes to ensure alignment with the following Directives”. See further Chapter 5 “Public Procurement”, in the National Plan for European Integration 2015-2020, pg. 158-159. Available at http://www.integrimi.gov.al/al/dokumenta/dokumente- strategjike/plani-kombetar-per-integrimin-evropian&page=1 , retrieved December 20, 2014. The same position is held also by SIGMA “Public Administration Reform assessment of Albania”, 2014 when providing that “The PPL is compatible, but not compliant, with the acquis on public procurement. The legal framework reflects the fundamental EU Treaty principles in terms of transparency, equal treatment and non-discrimination. The procedural focus is designed to primarily ensure the fairness, Impact of European Union public procurement legislation on the Albanian public procurement system 2015 272 approximation process is not a process of “translation” of Directives into the national legislation, but it should be focused on finding the appropriate mechanism of realizing the full effectiveness of EU rules and normally achieving the main objective of public procurement rules, as is the efficiency, or value for money, in a given context. 6.2 Recommendations Following the final conclusions of this thesis, aiming at an effective approximation process, I will recommend as follows: A clear understanding of expression “full approximation” of both parties 1036 Both parties; the EU and Albania, should ‘agree’ on what should be understood by the expression “full approximation”, in light of the integration process and to what extend the Directive’s provisions should be implemented as such, in the Albanian procurement legislation. This clarification should be conducted, to avoid misinterpretations during the integration process and to avoid different expectations of both sides; Download 5.49 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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