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IVES AND PRONOUNS 
you are actually holding or that 
close to you, or that you consider to be close to you, or to something that is present in a situation. 
d these with here: 
Th
e (now): 
Go and tell him now, this instant! 
'Di
e physical. That and those can refer to something that is not close to you, or that 
ou do not consider to be close to you. We can associate that and those with there: 
re I am referring to is that one there 
tographs I meant are those there 
perations were difficult in the 18th century. In those days there were no anaesthetics. 
e can be adjectives: that is, they can be determiners [>3.1] and go before a noun or 
ne ones [>4.10]; or they can be pronouns used in place of a noun or noun phrase [>4.2.1]: 
luding many written specifically for the EFL/ESL teacher. There are probably 
hat reference grammars are 
body. A reference grammar might start out describing the vario
a
b
b
("
sentences: stat
questions, negative statements, negative questions. Then the grammar might go on 
tences are inserted 
sentences. 
meant to be skipped around in like an encyclopedia, and is cons
The sections, pa
in the index refer the reader to these 
s, examples, or explanations are usually numbered. The terms and examples give
numbers, so that it is easy to find any given topic. In the best reference 
are written so that you don't have to hav
Longman English Gramm
this/that/these/tho
demonstratives 4.32-36, form 4.32, for ne
placed by subject prono
a
4.34, determiners, 3.1, 4.22; re
2.52, 4.35, App 7; this one/these ones, etc. 4.
 
. 
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECT
4.33 'This/that' and 'these/those': nearness and distance 
Nearness' may be physical. This and these may refer to something
'
is
We can associate this an
The picture I am referring to is this one here 
he photographs I meant are these here 
T
is and these can refer to nearness in tim
stance' may b
y
The pictu
he pho
T
That and those can refer to distance in time (then): 
O