James d. Gwartney
Download 7.87 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Mantiqiy iqtisodiyot
|
Business Review (
hbr.org ), 2018-yil 2-fevral. https://hbr.org/2018/02/ikeas-success-cant-be-attributed-to-one- 307 charismatic-leader . ↩ 98. The World Bank, “Self-employed, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate),” International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT ma'lumotlar ba'zasidan 2019-yil aprel oyida olingan. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.SELF.ZS . ↩ 99. Janene Pieters, “A Fifth Of Dutch Millionaires Are Farmers,” NLTimes.NL, 2017-yil 12-sentabr. https://nltimes.nl/2017/09/12/fifth-dutch-millionaires-farmers . ↩ 100. Bruno Dallago, Kier Discussion Paper No. 968, “Diverging Paths of Entrepreneurship in Post-Transformation Countries, a Comparative View”; Kyoto Institute of Economic Research, 2017-yil mart. http://www.kier.kyoto- u.ac.jp/DP/DP968.pdf . ↩ 101. Tomas Stenli [Thomas Stanley] va Uilyam Danko [William D. Danko] o'zlarining mashhur «Qo'shnim millioner» (Atlanta: Longstreet Press, 1996) kitobida millionerlarga eng xos umumiy fazilat ularning uzoq muddat davomida tejab hayot kechirishlaridadir, deb qayd etadilar. Ularning yarmidan ko'pi hech qanday meros olmagan, 20 foizdan kamrog'i esa boyliklarining kamida 10 foizini merosdan olganlar. ↩ 102. Qarang: “Your Top Debt Management Questions Answered.” Dave Ramsey. N.p., 2014-yil 25-oktabr. Internet manzili: https://www.daveramsey.com/blog/the-truth-about-debt-management . ↩ 103. Kredit kartasi bilan xarajat qilishga ishtiyoqlarini jilovlash uchun ba'zilarga ijodiy usullar kerak. Agar siz ham shunga moyil bo'lsangiz, iqtisodchi va moliyaviy masalalar bo'yicha maslahatchi Uilyam S. Vud kredit kartangizni muzlatgich ichiga qo'yishni maslahat beradi. Muz eriguncha sizning xarid qilishga ishtiyoqingiz ham sovushi mumkin. ↩ 104. Justin Higginbottom, “Governments Finally Embrace The Sharing Economy,” Ozy.com , 2018-yil 30-sentabr. https://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/governments-finally-embrace-the-sharing-economy/89688 . ↩ 105. Professor Uilyam Vud [William C. Wood] bularni «SIT xarajatlari» deb ataydi. Vudga ko'ra «SIT ikki narsani: (1) kutilmagan to'lov haqida hisob kelganda, o'tirishni (sit down); hamda (2) kutilmagan hodisalar, sug'urta va soliqlarni anglatadi (surprises, insurance, taxes — inglizchada SIT deb qisqartirish mumkin)». ↩ 106. Bundan tashqari, ba'zi musulmonlar uchun shariat qoidalariga binoan foiz to'lovlari to'lashga ruxsat berilmaganligi sababli, elementning oxirida tasvirlanganidek, shu kabi maqsadga erishuvchi daromad foydani bo'lishish shaklini oladi. ↩ 107. Nils-Gerrit Wunsch, “Retail price of a premium pack of 20 cigarettes in selected European countries in 2017 (in GBP),” 2019-yil 3-aprel. https://www.statista.com/statistics/415034/cigarette-prices-across-europe. ↩ 108. Hisob-kitoblarimizda investitsiyangizning yillik rentabelligi 7 foiz deb faraz qilingan. Shunday bo'lmasligi aniq. Hattoki o'rtacha yillik rentabellik 7 foiz atrofida bo'lsa ham, ushbu rentabellik yildan-yilga o'zgaradi. Bu pensiyaga chiqqanizgacha jamg'arilgan miqdorga ta'sir qilishi mumkin, lekin bu farq odatda kichik bo'ladi. ↩ 308 109. Bu o'rtacha rentabellik Qo'shma Shtatlari bozorlariga xos, ammo boshqa rivojlangan mamlakatlarda ham rentabellik shu darajaga yaqin. Masalan, agar rentabellik Buyuk Britaniyada Qo'shma Shtatlariga qaraganda balandroq bo'lganda edi, unda xalqaro investorlar mablag'larini to rentabellik darajasi tenglashgunga qadar Buyuk Britaniyaga ko'chiradilar. Agar mamlakatdagi obligatsiyalar rentabelligi doimiy yuqori darajada bo'lsa, unda bu holat investorlar uchun shu mamlakatda (masalan, qarzni to'lash qobiliyati yoki valyuta qadrsizlanishi bilan bog'liq) yuqori risk borligini anglatadi. Boshqacha qilib aytganda, davlat obligatsiyalari bo'yicha yuqori rentabellik darajasi samarasiz davlat boshqaruvining belgisidir. 7 foiz (inflyatsiyani hisobga olgandan keyin) real rentabellik darajasi Dell va Microsoft kabilar aksiyalarining rentabellik darajasiga solishtirganda uncha katta tuyulmasligi mumkin. Biroq 7 foiz murakkab yillik rentabellik darajasi (?) sizning jamg'armangiz har o'n yilda ikki baravar ko'payishini anglatadi. Jamg‘arma hisob raqamlari va pul bozori investitsiya fondlari bo'yicha kuzatilgan 2 foizga teng stavkada (soliq to'lovlaridan keyin) mablag'larngizning ikki baravar ko'payishi uchun 35 yil talab etiladi. Izoh: Mablag'ingizning boshqa foiz stavkalarida ikki baravar ko'payishiga necha yil talab etilishini hisoblash uchun 70 sonini foiz stavkasiga (yillik o'rtacha rentabellik darajasiga) bo'ling. Bu gohida «70 qoidasi», aniqrog'i «72 qoidasi» deb ataladi. ↩ 110. Krystyna Krzyzak, “CEE: A System In Flux,” Investment & Pensions Europe, 2018-yil yanvar (jurnal). https://www.ipe.com/pensions/country-reports/cee/cee-a-system-in-flux/10022463.article . ↩ 111. Christopher Jarvis, “The Rise and Fall of Albania’s Pyramid Schemes,” Finance & Development, XVFning choraklik jurnali, 2000-yil mart, 37-hajm, 1-son. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2000/03/jarvis.htm . ↩ 112. Ma'lum bir jamg'arma nomini aytib o'tganimizda ular boshqalariga nisbatan ma'qulroq demoqchi emasmiz. Investitsiya qilishdan oldin o'zingiz yaxshilab o'rganib chiqishingiz kerak. O'zingizning kelajagingizga investitsiya qilayotganingizni yodda tuting. ↩ 113. Dimitar Boyadzhiev et al., Morningstar Manager Research EMEA, “Morningstar’s European Active/Passive Barometer,” 2019-yil fevral. https://www.morningstar.com/en-uk/lp/european-active-passive-barometer . ↩ 114. Qarang: Jeremy J. Siegal, Stocks for the Long Run, 3rd edition (New York: McGraw Hill, 2002): 342–43. ↩ 115. Qarang: Burton G. Malkiel, A Random Walk Down Wall Street: The Time Tested Strategy for Successful Investing (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2015): 177–78. ↩ 116. Qarang: Burton G. Malkiel, A Random Walk Down Wall Street: The Time-Tested Strategy for Successful Investing (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2003): 189–190. Pay fondi biror muddat davomida yuqori daromad keltirishi uning kelajakda ham shunday darajaga erishishiga ishonch yo'qligi bo'yicha qo'shimcha ma'lumot uchun quyidagi manbaga murojaat qiling: Mark M. Carhart, “On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance,” The Journal of Finance 52, No. 1 (1997-yil mart): 57–82. ↩ 117. Qarang: Burton G. Malkiel, A Random Walk Down Wall Street: The Time-Tested Strategy for Successful Investing (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2003): 180–181. ↩ 309 118. Abraham Okusanya, “Lessons from 118 years of asset class returns data,” FinalytiQ, 2018-yil 28-mart. https://finalytiq.co.uk/lessons-118-years-capital-market-return-data/ . ↩ 119. Hatto indeks fondlariga investitsiya qiladiganlar ham mutaxassislardan maslahat olishlari lozim. Soliq va yuridik sabablarga ko'ra, masalan kechiktirilgan soliq to'lovlaridan foydalanish, vasiyatnoma qoldirish yoki mulk egaligini boshqalarga vaqtinchalik topshirish, oqilona sug'urta rejasini tanlash va hokazolar mutaxassislar maslahatini talab qiladi. ↩ 120. Qarang: Liqun Liu, Andrew J. Rettenmaier, and Zijun Wang, “Social Security and Market Risk,” National Center for Policy Analysis Working Paper, No. 244, 2001-yil iyul. ↩ 121. Inflyatsiyaga qarshi indekslangan obligatsiyalar boshqa mamlakatlar qatori Buyuk Britaniya, Germaniya, Rossiya Federatsiyasi va Shvetsiyada ham chiqariladi. ↩ 122. OECD, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs: Pension systems: “Ukraine: Pension system profile.” https://www.oecd.org/countries/ukraine/45336467.pdf . ↩ 123. OECD Project on Financial Incentives and Retirement Savings, Policy Brief N°1, “The tax treatment of retirement savings in private pension plans,” 2018-yil dekabr. https://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/private-pensions/Tax-treatment-of- retirement-savings-Policy-Brief-1.pdf . ↩ 124. Tranio, “Real estate agency commission rates in different countries,” 2017-yil 18-sentabr. https://tranio.com/articles/real_estate_agents_commissions_in_various_countries . ↩ 125. Bank for International Settlements, Joint Forum, “Mortgage insurance: market structure, underwriting cycle and policy implications,” 2013-yil avgust. https://www.bis.org/publ/joint33.pdf . ↩ 126. Eurostat, “Mean and median income by educational attainment level–EU-SILC survey.” Ma'lumot 2019-yil 27- avgustda yangilangan. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/ILC_DI08 . ↩ 127. Pay Scale, Inc. College Salary Report Updated for 2019. Quyidagi Internet sahifasidan olindi: www.payscale.com/college-salary-report/majors-that-pay-you-back/bachelors . ↩ 128. Bitcoin.org, “Avoid Scams: Familiarize yourself with some of the most commonly observed bitcoin scams to help protect yourself and your finances—Free Giveaways.” https://bitcoin.org/en/scams#free-giveaways . ↩ 129. Xolis tanga otilganda uning ikkala tomondan biri bilan tushish ehtimoli 50 foizga teng. «Bosh» va «orqa» tomonlar deganda tangada qirol, qirolicha yoki prezidentlar qiyofasi aks ettirilgani tushuniladi (bu tanganing «bosh» tomoni). Yevro tangasida esa milliy ramzlar aks ettirilgan tomoni «bosh» tomon hisoblanadi. Qizig'i shundaki, ba'zi tadqiqotlarga ko'ra, yevro tangalar «xolis» bo'lmay, ular ko'proq bosh tomoni bilan tushadi. (Agar siz shunga asoslanib pul yutqazib qo'ysangiz, mualliflar bunga javobgar emas ☺). ↩ |
