Minstry of higher and secondary specialized education of the republic of uzbekistan

Actuality of the course paper is to analyze semasiology, its types, referential meaning, meaning and concept, grammatical meaning and structure and categories, lexical meaning, denotative and connotative on the theme "Grammatical amd lexical variability of words".
The object of the research is analyzing semasiology and varities of words.
The subject of the study of the work is the role of grammatical and lexical varities of words.
Structure of the course work: It includes introduction, two chapters, inference and reference.
Task of the work is:
— to study semasiology as a branch of linguistics
— to analyze grammatical meaning and structure
— to recognize lexical meaning
— to identify types of grammatical and lexical meaning
CHAPTER I SEMASIOLOGY
1.1 Semasiology as a Branch of Linguistics
The branch of language that deals with the meaning of words and word equivalents is called semasiology. The name comes from the Greek word semasia, which means. Since semasiology deals only with lexical meaning and not with any type of meaning, it can be seen as a branch of lexicology. This does not mean that the semasiologist does not need to pay attention to grammatical meaning. Rather, grammatical meaning should be considered to the extent that it has a specific effect on lexical meaning. If treated diachronically, semasiology studies the change in meaning of words. The descriptive synchronic approach requires the study of semantic structures specific to the language under study and its overall semantic system, rather than individual words. Sometimes the words semasiology and semantics are used carelessly.
They are indeed synonyms, but the word semasiology has one meaning, while the word semantics has more than one meaning. Academic or pure semantics is a branch of mathematical logic created by Carnap. Its purpose is to create an abstract theory of the relationship between symbols and their referents. This is part of semiotics - the study of common signs and languages, including all kinds of codes (traffic signals, military signals). Unlike linguistic semantics, which deals with real languages, pure semantics has formal language as its subject arian Panini.
For a long time, the study of meaning formed part of philosophy, logic, psychology, literary criticism, and the history of language. Semasiology appeared in the 1830s when the German scholar Karl Reisig, while lecturing on classical philology, suggested that the study of meaning should be viewed as an independent field of knowledge. Reisig's lectures were published by his student F. Herdegen in 1839, a few years after Reisig's death. However, at that time they were a little confused. The Frenchman Michel Breal played a decisive role in the creation anddevelopment of the new science. His book "Essai de semantique" (Paris, 1897) became widely known and was followed by many studies and monographs on meaning, not only in France but also in other countries. During the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, the attitude towards meaning was purely diachronistic. Emphasis has been placed on the process of semantic change and the semantic principles at play in etymology. Semasiology was even defined at that time as a science dealing with changes in word meaning, their causes and classification. The approach was "atomistic", that is, semantic changes were observed and described for individual words without considering the interrelationships of structures present in each language. Consequently, this approach was not able to form the general trends characteristic of the English language.
As for English vocabulary, the emphasis in its semantic study was primarily on philosophy, and in the 19th century it shifted to lexicography. The golden age of English lexicography began in the mid-19th century, when major works were carried out on many volumes of the Oxford Dictionary of the English Language on historical principles. English scientists R.C. Trench, J. Murray, U. Skeet always reaffirmed the primary importance of the historical principle, and at the same time developed the contextual principle. They firmly believed that the full meaning of a word is always contextual, and meaning cannot be taken seriously without its full context. in modern usage, as well as by studying the different meanings of cognate words in related languages.
The development of semasiology in the 20th century was uneven. The 1930s were the most important period in its entire history. After the work of F. de Saussure, when the German philologist Jost Trier proposed his theory of semantic fields, the structural direction came to the fore in semasiology, which examined semantic phenomena historically and within a certain language system at a certain stage of its development. considered during the period. The list of current ideas emphasizes synchronic analysis, where modern linguists successfully attempt to benefit from structuralist procedures combined with mathematical statistics and symbolic logic.