O’ganilayotgan til nazariy aspektlari (nazariy grammatika, leksikologiya, stilistika)

Gosh!, Hush!, Alas! are primary interjections, though some of them once had logical meaning. 
Derivative interjections are Heavens!, Good gracious!, Dear me!, God!, Come on!, Look here!, By 
the 
Lord!, 
God 
knows!, 
Bless 
me! 
and 
others. 
Epithet is a stylistic device based on the interplay of’ emotive and logical meanings in a word, 
phrase or even sentence. It shows the individual emotional attitude of the writer or the speaker 
towards the object mentioned. E.g.: 
"She 
had 
a 
wide, 
cool, 
go-to-hell 
mouth." 
Here a group of epithets helps the writer in a concise form to express the emotional attitude of a 
personage 
towards 
an 
object 
or 
phenomenon. 
From the point of view compositional structure epithets may be divided into simple, compound 
and 
phrase-epithets. 
Simple 
(one-word) 
epithets 
are 
ordinary 
adjectives: 
iron 
hate, 
silver 
hair. 
Compound epithets are built like compound adjectives: heart-burning smile, 
cat-like eyes
, fairy-
like 
work. 
Phrase-epithets are extremely characteristic of English language. Unlike simple and compound 
epithets, which may have pre- or post-position, phrase epithets are always placed before the nouns 
they refer to. They help not only to reveal the individual view of the author and his characters but 
at the same time to do it in a rather economical manner: a life-and-death struggle; all's-well-in-
the-end adventures. 
Very often such constructions serve to produce a humorous effect. 
Another structural variety of the epithet is the one which we call reversed epithets. The reversed 
epithet 
is 
composed 
of 
two 
nouns 
linked 
in 
an 
of-phrase: 
The shadow of a smile; a devil of a job. Rather often epithets are used in pairs: 
"...they 
all stood safe and sound
, hale and hearty upon the steps." 

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Sometimes three, four, five, and even more epithets are joined in chains. They are called string 
epithets. The structural type of string epithets is like enumeration. These attributes describe the 
object from different points of view: 
It was an old, musty, fusty, narrow-minded, clean and bitter room. 
Another distributional model is the transferred epithet. Transferred epithets are ordinary logical 
attributes generally describing the state of human being by referring to an animated objects. 
E.g.: sick chamber, sleepless pillow, merry hours. 
The function of epithets of this kind remains basically the same: to show the evaluating, subjective 
attitude of the writer towards the thing described. But for this purpose the author does not create 
his own, new, 
unexpected epithets
; he uses ones that have become traditional, and may be termed 
“language epithets” as they belong to the language-as-a-system. Thus epithets may be divided 
into 
language 
epithets 
and 
speech 
epithets. 
Examples 
of 
speech 
epithets 
are: ‘slavish knees’, ‘sleepless bay.’ 
The process of strengthening the connection between the epithet and the noun may sometimes go 
so far 
as to build a specific unit
, which does not lose its poetic flavour. Such epithets are 
called fixed and are mostly used in ballads and folk songs. Here are some examples of fixed 
epithets: ‘true love’, ‘dark forest’, ‘sweet Sir’, Structurally, epithets can be viewed from the angle 
of a) composition and b)distribution. 
From the point of view of their compositional structure epithets may be divided into simple,