O’ganilayotgan til nazariy aspektlari (nazariy grammatika, leksikologiya, stilistika)

compound, phrase and sentence epithets. Simple epithets are ordinary adjectives. Compound 
epithets are built like compound adjectives.
The problem of the epithet is too large and too significant to be fully dealt with in a short chapter. 
Indeed, it may be regarded as the crucial problem in emotive language and epithets, 
correspondingly, among the stylistic devices of the language. 
12. Intensification of a certain feature of a thing or phenomenon. 
Things are best of all learned by simile. V. G. Belinsky 
+The intensification of some feature of the concept in question is realized in a device 
called simile. Ordinary comparison and simile must not be confused. They represent 
two diverse processes. Comparison means weighing two objects belonging to one class of things 
with the purpose of establishing the degree of their sameness or difference. To use a simile is to 
characterize one object by bringing it into contact with another object belonging to an entirely 
different class of things. Comparison takes into consideration all the properties of the two objects, 
stressing the one that is compared. Simile excludes ^1 the properties of the two objects except one 
which is made common to them. For example, 'The boy seems to be as clever as his mother' is 
ordinary comparison. 'Boy' and 'mother' belong to the same class of objects — human beings — 
and only one quality is being stressed to find the resemblance. 
The properties of an object may be viewed from different angles, for example, its state, its actions, 
manners, etc. Accordingly, similes may be based on adjective-attributes, adverb-modifiers, verb-
predicates, etc. 

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+Similes have formal elements in their structure: connective words such as like, as, such as, as if, 
seem. Here are some examples of similes taken from various sources and illustrating the variety 
of structural designs of this stylistic device. 
The structure of this simile is interesting, for it is sustained. Let us analyse it. The word 'jerked' in 
the microcontext, i. е., in combination with 'thoughts' is a metaphor, which led to the simile 'like 
the misfirings of a defective carburettor' where the verb to jerk carries its direct logical meaning. 
So the linking notion is the movement jerking which brings to the author's mind a resemblance 
between the working of the man's brain and the badly working, i.e., misfiring carburettor. In other 
words, it is action that is described by means of a simile. Another example: 
"It was that moment of the year when the countryside seems to faint from its own loveliness, from 
the intoxication of its scents and sounds." (J. Galsworthy) 
+This is an example of a simile which is half a metaphor. If not for the structural word 'seems', we 
would call it a metaphor. Indeed, if we drop the word 'seems' and say, "the countryside faints 
from...," the clue-word 'faint' becomes a metaphor. But the word 'seems' keeps apart the notions of 
stilln&ss and fainting. It is a simile where the second member — the human being — is only 
suggested by the word faint. 
Sometimes the simile-forming tike is placed at the end of the phrase almost merging with it and 
becoming half suffix, for example: 
"Emily Barton was very pink, very Dresden-china-shepherdess like." 
In simple non-figurative language, it will assume the following form: 
"Emily Barton was very pink, and looked like a Dresden-china-shepherdess." 
Similes may suggest analogies in the character of actions performed. In this case the two members 
of the structural design of the simile will resemble each other through the actions they perform. 
Thus: 
+"The Liberals have plunged for entry without considering its effects, while the Labour leaders like 
cautious bathers have put a timorous toe into the water and promptly withdrawn it." 
13. Peculiar use of set expressions. 
The cliché 
Proverbs and sayings 
Epigrams 
Quotations 
Allusions 
Re-evaluation of Idioms 
Peculiar use of set expressions can also be named stylistic phraseology or phraseological stylistics, 
as it studies phraseological units in their no ordinary application in a text (the 
term phraseology was suggested by Soviet scholars, after a Swiss linguist Chales Bally who 
introduced the term «phraseologie» in the meaning of «a branch of Stylistics dealing with coherent 
word-combinations»). In Western linguistic schools the corresponding term idiomacity is used 
instead. 
Phraseological unit or idiom is a ready-made combination of words reproduced in speech as a 
unity. The constant characteristic features are: 

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· Linguistic stability 
· Semantic unity 
· Intact syntactical structure 
1)The cliché. A cliché is a phrase, expression, or idea that has been overused to the point of losing 
its intended force or novelty, especially when at some time it was considered distinctively forceful 
or novel. It is generally used in a negative context and expressed by idioms. 
E.g. times are changing, as easy as a piece of cake, as wet as blood, as clear as day. 
Proverbs and sayings. 
A proverb (from the Latin proverbium) is a simple and concrete saying popularly known and 
repeated, which expresses a truth based on common sense or the practical experience of mankind. 
They are often metaphorical. A proverb that describes a basic rule of conduct may also be known 
as a maxim. If a proverb is distinguished by particularly good style, it may be known as an 
aphorism. 
Typical stylistic features of proverbs (as Shirley Arora points out in The Perception of 
Proverbiality (1984)) are: 
· alliteration (Forgive and forget) 
· parallelism (Nothing ventured, nothing gained) 
· rhyme (When the cat is away, the mice will play) 
· ellipsis (Once bitten, twice shy) 
Internal features that can be found quite frequently include: 
· hyperbole (All is fair in love and war) 
· paradox (The longest way around is the shortest way home) 
· personification (Hunger is the best cook) 
3) An epigram is a short poem with a clever twist at the end or a concise and witty statement. They 
are among the best examples of the power of poetry to compress insight and wit. 
In early English literature the short couplet poem was dominated by the poetic epigram and 
proverb. 
Non-poetic epigrams 
Occasionally, simple and witty statements, though not poetical, may also be considered 
epigrams, such as those attributed to Oscar Wilde: «I can resist everything except temptation.» 
«The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it.» 
4)A quotation, also called a quote, is a fragment of a human expression, written or oral, which 
has been inserted into another human expression. This latter type of quotation is almost always 
taken from literature, though speech transcripts, film dialogues, and song lyrics are also common 
and valid sources. 
E.g. The wisdom of the wise, and the experience of ages, may be preserved by quotation (Isaac 
D'Israeli, Curiosities of Literature: Quotation). 
14. Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices. 
1. INVERSION 
2. DETACHMENT 
3. PARENTHESIS 
4. ELLIPSIS 
5. BREAK-IN-THE-NARRATIVE 
6. PARALLELISM 
7. CHIASMUS 
8. REPETITION 

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9. TAUTOLOGY 
10. POLYSYNDDETON 
11. ASYNDETON 
12. ENNUMERATION 
13. SUSPENSE 
14. CLYMAX AND GRADATION 
15. ANTICLYMAX 
16. ANTITHESIS 
17. RHETORICAL QUESTION 
18. REPRESENTED SPEECH 
19. STREAM-OF-CONSCIOUSNESS METHOD 
1. INVERSION 
English is characterized by a fixed word order: 
English word order 
Subject — Predicate — Object 
This doesn’t mean that changes of word order are impossible, but that any relocation of sentence