Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

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CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced efforts to prevent and control overweight from

childhood is a critical national priority, even in developing countries. To be

successful, social, cultural and economic influences should be considered.

Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2003 Apr;13(2):64-71.

Gender Differences in Dietary Intakes, Anthropometrical

Measurements and Biochemical Indices in an Urban Adult

Population: the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

Mirmiran P, Mohammadi F, Sarbazi N, Allahverdian S, Azizi F.

Endocrine Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical

Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran.

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIM: In order to investigate gender differences in

health indices, dietary intakes and obesity in urban Iranian adults, we

considered a sub-sample of the adult population of the Tehran Lipid and

Glucose Study.

METHODS AND RESULTS: The randomly selected sub-sample consisted of

483 subjects aged 25-50 years (229 men and 254 women) and 153 aged

more than 50 years (81 men and 72 women). Their anthropometrical

variables were recorded, and their body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip

ratio were calculated. Dietary intake was assessed by means of two-day

dietary recall and the completion of dietary habit questionnaires during

face-to-face interviews. Underreporting was defined as a ratio of energy

intake (EI)/basal metabolic rate (BMR) < 1.27. The mean BMI of the women

in both age groups was signiﬁcantly higher than that of the men (p < 0.05).

Central obesity was more frequent in the women and among older

subjects. The women had higher plasma concentrations of high-density

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lipoprotein cholesterol, but lower levels of total and low-density lipoprotein

cholesterol. Underreporting of EI was more frequent in the women than the

men: 34.0% vs 15.4% in the younger group, and 40.3% vs 17.3% in the older

group (p < 0.01). There were major gender diﬀerences in the mean daily

intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, fibre, cholesterol, iron,

calcium and phosphorus. A higher proportion of women met the

cholesterol intake guidelines. Data from the dietary habit questionnaires

showed that more men than women usually sprinkle salt on their food.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study partially support the hypothesis of

gender differences in dietary intakes, and the prevalence of obesity and

some health-related indices, and suggest the need for gender-specific,

targeted nutrition messages and behavioural interventions in developing

prevention strategies for cardiovascular risk factors.

Ann Hum Biol. 2003 Mar-Apr;30(2):191-202.

Sizes and Obesity Pattern of South Iranian Adolescent

Females.

Ayatollahi SM.

Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical

Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. biostat@pearl.sums.ac.ir

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Sizes (height and weight) and obesity (a scaled weight-by-

height index) charts of a representa ve sample of 1,743 healthy adolescent

females of Shiraz (Southern Iran) aged 11-17 years are presented.

METHODS: An adjusted weight-for-height was used to define a possible

obesity index. Polynomial modelling was used by applying the HRY (Healy,

Rasbash, Yang) nonparametric method to estimate age-related smoothed

centiles of sizes and obesity.

RESULTS: A ponderal index in the form of weight/height(3) represented

obesity better than any other index which is logically related to

weight/volume and enjoys biological justification. No more than cubic

polynomials were needed to fit height-for-age, weight-for-age, obesity-for-

age and weight-for-height smoothly. The 10th, 75th and 97th cen les of

height and weight of our subjects lie on the 3rd, median and 90th cen les

of the NCHS standard, respectively. Obesity pattern increases with age,

giving an appropriate index to study obesity of female adolescents.

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However, weight-for-height chart independent of age range of subjects may

serve as an alternative.

CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the ponderal index is an appropriate

index to study obesity of adolescent females, and is a simple one that is

biologically plausible. However, other indices such as weight-for-height may

be considered as an alternative. A local standard for assessing sizes and

obesity of adolescent females is recommended for clinical as well as

community health purposes in Iran.

JQUMS 2003, 7(2): 27-35

Heathy Heard Program : Obesity in Center of Iran

A Akhavan Tabib

, B Sabet, HR Toluei, A Baghaei, R Kelishadie and GH Sadri

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Obesity is one of the important hygienic problems of both

industrial and developing countries.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of obesity in two groups of men

and women.

METHODS: Through a cross- sec onal study 12600 people from Isfahan,

Najaf-Abad and Arak provinces were studied in Isfahan Healthy Heart

Program (in 2000 – 2002). Two equal ra os of both sexes were selected

using random - clustering sampling. A questionnaire consisting

demographic formation and also clinical information such as Weight,

height, waistand hip circumference was filled out for each person.

FINDINGS: In this study 23/44 ± 1/9% of all studied women and 9/28 ± 1/7%

of all studied men had BMI > 30 and 33/33 ± 2/4% of women and 30/28 ±

20% of men had BMI >25. On the other hand 39/05 ± 2/61% of all women

and 55/02 ± 2/73% of all men had normal BMI. This ra o was 43/25 ± 3/5%

and 34/9 ± 1/7% for rural and urban women respectively. Also the highest

rate of waist and hip circumferences was seen in men aged > 66 years (94/2

± 11/2% and 99/8 ± 8/9% respec vely). While in women the highest rate of

hip circumference is 104/22% ± 10/9% in age group 35-44 years and the

highest rate of waist circumference is 98/00% ± 13% that was seen in 45-54

and 55- 64 years.

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CONCLUSION: Every program of nutrition and life style for all age groups

should be done similarly in both sexes.The lack of difference of BMI in rural

and urban areas was because of the fact that they did not live differently

and jnst in Arak which mostly had a traditional context, a small difference

was seen.

Public Health Nutr. 2002 Feb;5(1A):149-55.

An Accelerated Nutrition Transition in Iran.

Ghassemi H, Harrison G, Mohammad K.

National Study on Food and Nutrition Security in Iran, Shahrak Ghods,

Tehran. gailh@ucla.edu

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To describe the emergence of the nutrition transition, and

associated morbidity shifts, in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

DESIGN: Review and analysis of secondary data relating to the socio-

political and nutritional context, demographic trends, food utilisation and

consumption patterns, obesity, and diet-related morbidity.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The nutrition transition in Iran is occurring

rapidly, secondary to the rapid change in fertility and mortality patterns and

to urbanisation. The transition is occurring against the backdrop of lack of

sustained economic growth. There is considerable imbalance in food

consumption with low nutrient density characterising diets at all income

levels, over-consumption evident among more than a third of households,

and food insecurity among 20% of the popula on. Obesity is an emerging

problem, particularly in urban areas and for women, and both diabetes and

other risk factors for heart disease are becoming significant problems.

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Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 Dec;26(12):1617-22.

Familial Clustering Of Obesity and the Role of Nutrition:

Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

Mirmiran P, Mirbolooki M, Azizi F.

Endocrine Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical

Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the hypothesis that parent's dietary intakes are

associated with their offspring's body mass index.

DESIGN: Observational analytical cross-sectional survey among inhabitants

of district 13 in the east of Tehran.

SUBJECTS: A total of 117 healthy families comprising 474 subjects including

240 oﬀspring (3-25 y old).

MEASUREMENTS: Weight and height were measured by a standard

protocol and body mass index (kg/m(2)) was calculated. Dietary intakes

were assessed by means of a 2 day dietary recall ques onnaire.

RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 11.8% in oﬀspring of normal-

weight parents, 19.0% in oﬀspring of overweight fathers and normal-weight

mothers, 25.4% in oﬀspring of overweight mothers and normal-weight

fathers and 40.8% in oﬀspring with both parents overweight. The

Offspring's overweight was significantly and independently associated with

high-energy intake of both parents (odds ra o; 95% CI 2.7; 1.6-4.5).

Adjusted for the sex of parents, the chances of offspring being overweight

were higher in overweight (3.8; 1.5-9.2) and high-energy-intake mothers

(2.6; 1.2-5.6) and high-energy-intake fathers (2.0; 1.1-3.9) as compared with

children of normal-weight parents. High fat intake of husbands was an

independent risk factor increasing the chances of their wives being

overweight (2.1; 1.5-3.6) and vice versa (1.8; 1.2-2.8).

CONCLUSION: The observed familial obesity pattern was shown to be

associated with the familial dietary intakes. Hence, familial intervention

seems essential to stop the accelerated rise in the prevalence of overweight

and obesity in our community.

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Arch Dis Child. 2002 Nov;87(5):388-91; discussion 388-91.

Obesity in Iranian Children.

Dorosty AR, Siassi F, Reilly JJ.

Department of Human Nutrition, University of Glasgow, UK.

Abstract

We surveyed 4315 2-5 year olds in Iran. Prevalence of obesity (BMI >95th

centile, Iranian reference data) was compared with the recent "IOTF"

approach. Prevalence was significantly higher than expected, and increased

with age, but contradictory trends were obtained from the two approaches.

Monitoring of childhood obesity using the BMI in developing countries is

indicated, but differences associated with obesity definition should be

considered.

PAYESH, OCTOBER 2002; 1(4):15-19.

Prevalence of Obesity and Overweight in Primary School

Girls in Tehran, Iran

MOZAFARY H.*,NABAIEE B.

* Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of

Medical Science, Tehran, Iran

OBJECTIVE(S): The rising trends of obesity in children are reflected in

increased adult obesity and related morbidity. So we studied the prevalence

of obesity in children and the related factors in Tehran.

MATERIAL & METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 1800 female

pupils. Weight and height were measured and BMI (Body Mass Index) was

calculated. SPSS-IO was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: Prevalence of obesity and overweight were 7.7 percent (95%CI=

6.25% - 9.3%) and 13.3 percent (95%CI= 11.76% - 14.95%), respec vely.

There was a signiﬁcant correla on between obesity and age (P=0.01), type

of school (P=0.002), appearance (P<0.001) and self-image (P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: The findings necessitate interventional programs for

identification and treatment of obese children.

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Public Health Nutr. 2002 Feb;5(1A):149-55.

An Accelerated Nutrition Transition in Iran.