Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
Public Health Nutr. 2006 Dec;9(8):996-1000. Prevalence of Obesity, Food Choices and Socio-Economic
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- Abstract AIM
- Obesity and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Iranian Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.
- Abstract BACKGROUND
- Metabolic Syndrome and Leptin Concentrations in Obese Children.
- Abstract OBJECTIVE
- Abstract OVERVIEW
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
- CONCLUSION
- Coronary Artery Disease in Iranian Overweight Women.
- The Effect Of Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain on Pregnancy Outcomes in Urban Care Settings in Urmia-Iran.
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Public Health Nutr. 2006 Dec;9(8):996-1000. Prevalence of Obesity, Food Choices and Socio-Economic Status: A Cross-Sectional Study in The North-West Of Iran. Dastgiri S, Mahdavi R, TuTunchi H, Faramarzi E. School of Nutrition and Public Health, National Public Health Management Centre (NPMC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. saeed.dastgiri@gmail.com
obesity in the north-west of Iran, to provide baseline information for setting up a regional population-based centre to control and prevent obesity- related disorders in the area. METHODS: In this cross-sec onal study, a total of 300 subjects were selected/studied in Tabriz, one of the major cities in Iran. Data on basic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, dietary assessment and physical activity were collected. Obesity was defined as body mass index > or =30 kg m(-2) for both women and men.
confidence interval (CI): 18.0-27.6). The prevalence of obesity was 24% (95% CI: 18.5-31.4) for women and 18% (95% CI: 12.5-25.6) for men. For both women and men obesity prevalence showed a positive association with age (P<0.001), while there was a nega ve correla on of obesity with educa on and income (P<0.001). Fruit consump on decreased the risk of obesity in both women and men (odds ra o (OR)=0.60, 95% CI: 0.49-0.71 vs. OR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.51-0.74, respec vely). The same significant pa ern was observed for the consump on of green vegetables (OR=0.71, 95% CI: 0.57-0.63 vs. OR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.77-0.98 for women and men, respec vely), legumes (OR=0.70, 95% CI: 0.59-0.84 vs. OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.66-0.91 for women and men, respec vely) and dairy products (OR=0.73, 95% CI: 0.61- 0.91 vs. OR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.63-0.93 for women and men, respectively).
income and consumption of certain food groups (i.e. vegetables, fruits, legumes and dairy products) may decrease the risk of obesity. Our findings also indicate the crucial necessity of establishing a population-based centre for obesity in the area. The essential information is now achieved to propose to local health authorities to act accordingly. However, more population-based investigations on dietary choices are needed to develop
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effective preventive strategies to control overweight and obesity disorders in different regions.
Pediatr Int. 2006 Dec;48(6):566-71. Obesity and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Iranian Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Hamidi A, Fakhrzadeh H, Moayyeri A, Pourebrahim R, Heshmat R, Noori M, Rezaeikhah Y, Larijani B. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Doctor Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
countries considering its association with cardiovascular risk factors. Relationship between childhood obesity and these risk factors has not been attested in the Iranian population before. The aim of the present study was to investigate frequency of cardiovascular risk factors and their association with severity of obesity in a sample of Iranian obese children. METHODS: A total of 13 086 children aged 7-12 years were screened and those with waist circumference = 90th percen le of their age were invited for further evaluations. Participants were divided into two groups of overweight or obese according to International Obesity Task Force criteria. Cardiovascular risk factors were defined as high fasting total cholesterol, high low density lipoprotein, low high density lipoprotein, high triglycerides, and systolic or diastolic hypertension. These factors were compared between obese and overweight children and their correlations with body mass index and other measures of obesity were tested.
study, 194 were overweight and 338 were obese. Mean levels of triglyceride and Apo-lipoprotein B in obese children were significantly higher than overweight par cipants. A total of 81.9% of obese children and 75.4% of overweight children had at least one cardiovascular risk factor. There were significant correlations between body mass index and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum triglyceride, and Apo- lipoprotein B levels (P values <0.01).
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CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese children and positive correlation of these factors with severity of obesity emphasizes the need for prevention and control of childhood obesity from early stages.
Indian J Pediatr. 2006 Jul;73(7):593-6. Metabolic Syndrome and Leptin Concentrations in Obese Children. Hamidi A, Fakhrzadeh H, Moayyeri A, Heshmat R, Ebrahimpour P, Larijani B. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abstract OBJECTIVE: Obesity and its complications including metabolic syndrome has been increased in children and adolescents recently. Leptin is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity.
leptin and metabolic syndrome in obese Iranian children. A cross sectional study was carried out in 65 primary schools in Tehran. The children with waist circumferences equal or above 90th percen le for their height and age were chosen for further evalua ons. 505 children aged 7-12 years participated in the study. Anthropometric variables measurements, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and serum leptin were obtained from the study sample. RESULTS: Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in girls in comparison to the boys (with median 11.0 Vs 8.25 ng/dl; P value = 0.007). Serum level of leptin were higher in children with metabolic syndrome (median 11.3 Vs 8.9 ng/dl; P value = 0.045). However, a er adjustment for sex, this association was removed.
syndrome, even though it was strongly associated with obesity parameters. More studies evaluating the relationship between leptin and metabolic syndrome in various ethnic groups are recommended. 233
Eur J Pediatr. 2006 Jul;165(7):489-93. Epub 2006 May 5. Overweight and Obesity and Their Associated Factors in Adolescents in Tehran, Iran, 2004-2005 . Moayeri H, Bidad K, Aghamohammadi A, Rabbani A, Anari S, Nazemi L, Gholami N, Zadhoush S, Hatmi ZN. Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Children Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No 62, Dr. Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, Tehran, 14194, Iran. Abstract OVERVIEW: Obesity is a significant health crisis around the world. Of great concern are the data pointing to the recent increase in the prevalence of obesity irregardless of age group and country. Overweight and obesity in adolescence are markers of overweight and obesity in adults, respectively. Very little data are currently available on the prevalence of childhood obesity in Iran, and more research on the risk factors is required before preventive public health programs can be formulated and put into practice.
overweight and obesity and their associated factors in adolescent children living in Tehran.
sampling, 2900 students (1200 males and 1700 females) aged 11-17 years were selected from 20 secondary schools in the school year of 2004-2005. A questionnaire was filled, and weight and height were measured. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: The body mass index (BMI) was calculated and adjusted for age and sex. Prevalences of overweight and obesity were 17.9 and 7.1%, respec vely. BMI increased with age, and it was higher in those who had lower levels of physical activity. Age at menarche was negatively associated with BMI. There was no relationship between macro- and micronutrient intake and overweight and obesity. This study highlights the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescent children in Tehran. 234
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006 Jun;114(6):310-5. Waist/Height Ra o as A Be er Predictor of Type 2 Diabetes Compared to Body Mass Index in Tehranian Adult Men--A 3.6-Year Prospective Study. Hadaegh F, Zabetian A, Harati H, Azizi F. Endocrine Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether central obesity variables are more important than general obesity variables in predicting the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Iranians.
sample of 1852 males aged > or = 20 years, par cipants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, were followed for a mean dura on of 3.6 years. Demographic data were collected; blood pressure and anthropometric variables such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist- to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were measured according to a standard protocol. Biochemical analyses including measurements of plasma glucose in the fas ng state and 2 hours a er inges on of 75 g glucose as well as fas ng serum lipids were done. Diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance (impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance) were defined according to ADA criteria. Logistic regression models with the stepwise conditional method were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of developing diabetes associated with each quartile of each anthropometric variable in a multivariate model adjusted for age, hypertension, smoking, family history of diabetes (model 1), and a full model adjusted for all the variables in model 1 plus abnormal glucose tolerance (model 2). Receiver opera ng characteris c (ROC) curves were used to determine the predictive power of each variable for development of type 2 diabetes, a er adjustment for age.
during 3.6 years of follow-up, with an incidence rate of approximately one percent per year. The RR of developing diabetes associated with the highest quar le of anthropometric variables, was highest for WHtR in model 1. A er further adjustment for abnormal glucose tolerance (model 2) only WHtR and WC were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes. According to the ROC curve analysis, among central obesity variables only WHtR had a higher ROC curve than BMI. WHtR also continued to be the best predictive 235
central obesity variable compared to BMI, even when the analysis was restricted to subjects with BMI < 27 kg/m2 (0.678 vs. 0.631, p < 0.05). In those with BMI > or = 27 kg/m2, none of the central obesity variables proved to be superior to BMI. CONCLUSION: Among abdominal obesity variables, WHtR appears to be stronger than BMI in identifying men with type 2 diabetes in the future.
BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 20;6:158. Obesity and Hypertension in an Iranian Cohort Study; Iranian Women Experience Higher Rates of Obesity and Hypertension than American Women. Bahrami H, Sadatsafavi M, Pourshams A, Kamangar F, Nouraei M, Semnani S, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Malekzadeh R. Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. hbahrami@jhsph.edu
developed countries, obesity has become a major problem throughout the world and developing countries, like Iran, are joining the global obesity pandemic. We determined the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and hypertension in a large cohort of Iranians and compared age-adjusted rates with the rates in the US. METHODS: Golestan Cohort Study is a population-based study of 8,998 men and women, aged 35-81 years, from urban and rural areas. Anthropometric parameters were measured by interviewers. Prevalence rates were directly adjusted to the 2000 United States standard popula on. RESULTS: The age-adjusted prevalence rates of overweight (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m2) in this Iranian popula on were 62.2% and 28.0%, respec vely. Both overweight and obesity were more common in women than men. Age-adjusted prevalence of overweight was significantly higher in Iranian women compared to the American women (68.6% vs. 61.6%), while the age-adjusted prevalence of obesity is closer in these two popula ons (34.9% vs. 33.2%). Iranian men-compared to American men-had significantly lower age-adjusted prevalence of overweight (53.7% vs. 68.8%) and obesity (16.2% vs. 27.5%). Age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was higher in Iranian women than American 236
women (35.7% vs. 30.5%). Diabetes mellitus was reported in 6.2% of participants. Mean waist-to-hip ra o (WHR) among women was 0.96. Smoking rates in men and women were 33.2% and 2.2%, respec vely.
Iran is as high as the US. However, Iranian women are more obese than American women and Iranian men are less obese than their American counterparts. This discrepancy might be due to the low rate of smoking among Iranian women. Iranian women have higher mean WHR than what WHO has defined in 19 other popula ons.
Int J Cardiol. 2006 Nov 18;113(3):391-4. Epub 2006 May 5. Coronary Artery Disease in Iranian Overweight Women. Chinikar M, Maddah M, Hoda S. Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Iran.
Iran. This study aimed to evaluate coronary risk factors in Iranian overweight and obese women.
in the main heart clinic in Rasht city, Iran, between 2000 and 2003, those with angiographically approved coronary artery disease (n=180) and overweight normal coronary women (n=224) par cipated in this study. The subjects in both groups had body mass index above 25 kg/m(2). Data on age, educational level, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and current drug therapy were collected using questionnaires. Total serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, apoprotein B, apoprotein A1, lipoprotein (a), blood glucose, body weight, height, and waist circumference were measured in both groups. RESULTS: The findings indicated that mean age (57.3+/-10.9 vs 40.3+/-10.1 p<0.0001) was significantly higher in coronary artery diseased group than normal overweight and obese subjects. Other measured risk factors including waist circumference, blood lipids and blood pressure were higher in overweight patients with coronary artery disease than overweight normal subjects. Results of logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=1.16, 95% CI 1.10-1.21) and diabetes (OR=6.31, 95% CI 1.95-20.3) were the only predictors of coronary artery disease in this population of coronary obese patients. The proportion of low educated level was remarkably
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higher in overweight women with coronary artery disease than normal groups.
CONCLUSION: The findings suggested that advancing age and diabetes are independent predictors for development of coronary artery disease in this group of overweight and obese Iranian women. The high proportion of low educated people in these patients with coronary artery disease implicates an important public health message for targeted preventive measures in lower social groups.
Int J Cardiol. 2007 May 16;118(1):111-2. Epub 2006 Aug 28. Obesity and Dyslipidemia among Young General Physicians in Iran. Maddah M. Abstract This study describes overweight, obesity and dyslipidemia in young general physicians aged 26-40 years in Rasht City, northern Iran. A random sample of 272 physicians (137 men and 135 women) was studied. Data on age, body weight, height and original weight were collected; and blood lipid levels were measured. The findings showed that the prevalence of overweight/obesity among men and women were 54.5% and 13.3% respectively. High serum LDL-c levels (54.5%) and low serum level of HDL-c (66.7%) was the main feature of dyslipidemia in the study men and women, respectively. These data showed that overweight and blood lipid abnormality is highly prevalent in this group of young physicians. The increasing prevalence of obesity in the Iranian medical professions is a cause for concern.
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Eur J Pediatr. 2007 May;166(5):453-4. Epub 2006 Oct 17. Prevalence of Asthma Related to BMI in Adolescents in Tehran, Iran, 2004-2005. Bidad K, Anari S, Aghamohammadi A, Pourpak Z, Moayeri H. Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No 62, Dr Gharib st, Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 14194, Iran. kbidad@razi.tums.ac.ir
Both asthma and obesity have become more common in affluent societies during the recent decades, and several studies have shown a correlation between the presence of asthma and obesity.
BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Apr 20;6:15. The Effect Of Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain on Pregnancy Outcomes in Urban Care Settings in Urmia-Iran. Yekta Z, Ayatollahi H, Porali R, Farzin A. Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences,, Urmia, Iran. yekta42@yahoo.com Abstract BACKGROUND: Nutritional status of women has been considered an important prognostic indicator of pregnancy outcomes. Few studies have evaluated patterns of weight gain and pre-pregnancy body mass index in developing regions where malnutrition and poor weight gain as well as maternal obesity have significant influences on the pregnancy outcome. This study aims to show effect of pregnancy body mass index and the corresponding gestational weight gain on the outcome of pregnancy.
seventy women from urban areas of Northwest Iran were recruited for participation during their first eight weeks of pregnancy. Body mass index (BMI) was categorized and gestational weight gain was divided into two groups of normal and abnormal based on recommendations of Institute of Medicine (IOM) published in 1990. Chi square and one way ANOVA were used in the univariate analysis of the association between weight gain and
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corresponding adverse outcomes including cesarean, preterm labor and low neonatal birth weight. Adjusted odds ratios for adverse outcomes were determined by multiple logistic regression models, while controlling for the following factors: maternal age, parity, and education. RESULTS: Both pre-pregnancy BMI < 19 and abnormal weight gain during pregnancy were found to be associated with low neonatal birth weight defined as < 2500 g. Abnormal weight gain, during pregnancy was not related to an increased risk of preterm labor or cesarean delivery but it was highly associated with low birth weight (LBW)(P < 0.05).
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