Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
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- Dietary Patterns and their Association with Obesity and Sociodemographic Factors in a National Sample of Lebanese Adults.
- Abstract OBJECTIVE
- SETTING
- Public Schools Adolescents Obesity and Growth Curves in Lebanon.
- Abstract BACKGROUND
- Abstract PURPOSE
- Effect of Pretransplantation Body Mass Index on Allograft Function and Patient Survival after Renal Transplantation.
CONCLUSION: It is concluded from these results that obesity in the absence of smoking, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, renal or liver disease causes lipid peroxidation and decreased activities of cytoprotective enzymes, and should therefore receive the same attention as obesity with complications.
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LEBANON
Interna onal Nutri on, May/June 2011;46(3):138-145 Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and the Mediterranean Diet in a Sample of Lebanese University Students Yahia, Najat PhD, RD, LD, CWM; Hayek, George MD; Shahin, Sandra BS Abstract Metabolic syndrome is a condition characterized by the clustering of central obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Each abnormality promotes atherosclerosis independently, but when clustered together, these metabolic disorders are increasingly atherogenic and enhance the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is on the rise, especially in young people, and its onset may be early in life. Therefore, universities are unique settings for early monitoring and intervention of metabolic risk factors. A pilot study was conducted among 100 Lebanese university students (62 male students and 38 female students) aged 18 to 27 years studying at Notre Dame University, Lebanon, to assess the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome and to examine students' eating habits in relation to the consumption of the Mediterranean diet. Parameters measured were weight, height, waist circumference, percentage body fat, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose level. Metabolic syndrome was evaluated based on the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel. Measurements of blood lipid levels, including triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein, were made for half of the students. Dietary intake was assessed by using a food frequency ques onnaire tailored to Lebanese food. Study results indicated that 49% of male students were overweight and 7% were obese compared with 21% overweight and 3% obese female students. Only 4% of students, all men, had the full metabolic syndrome components. However, many students had 1 or more elements of it. Overall, a total of 56% of the students exhibited 1 or more components of metabolic syndrome: 22% of students had 1 component, 30% had 2 components of the syndrome and 4% had 3 components of metabolic syndrome. In comparison to the traditional Mediterranean Diet Pyramid, those students who had metabolic syndrome had higher consumption of red meat and sweets and a lower consumption of legumes.
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This considerable prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome among students is of concern and may warrant early screening for these disorders. Students' eating habits showed deviation from the traditional Mediterranean Diet Pyramid, so promotional campaigns focusing on the traditional Mediterranean diet may be helpful and necessary
Public Health Nutr. 2011 May 4:1-9. [Epub ahead of print] Dietary Patterns and their Association with Obesity and Sociodemographic Factors in a National Sample of Lebanese Adults. Naja F, Nasreddine L, Itani L, Chamieh MC, Adra N, Sibai AM, Hwalla N. 1Department of Nutri on and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon.
assess their association with sociodemographic factors, BMI and waist circumference (WC).
interview, participants completed a brief sociodemographic and semiquantitative FFQ. In addition, anthropometric measurements were obtained following standard techniques. Dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess determinants of the various patterns and their association with BMI and WC.
Survey (2009), Lebanon. SUBJECTS: A na onally representa ve sample of 2048 Lebanese adults aged 20-55 years. RESULTS: Four dietary patterns were identified: 'Western', 'Traditional Lebanese', 'Prudent' and 'Fish and alcohol'. Factor scores of the identified patterns increased with age, except for the Western pattern in which a negative association was noted. Women had higher scores for the prudent pattern. Adults with higher levels of education had significantly higher scores for the prudent pattern. The frequency of breakfast consumption was significantly associated with scores of both traditional Lebanese and
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prudent patterns. Multivariate-adjusted analysis revealed a positive association between scores of the Western pattern and the BMI and WC of study participants.
patterns in the Lebanese population, which were associated with age, sex, education and meal pattern. Only the Western pattern was associated with higher BMI.
J Med Liban. 2011 Apr-Jun;59(2):80-8. Public Schools Adolescents' Obesity and Growth Curves in Lebanon. Chacar HR, Salameh P. Department of Clinical Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Lebanon. Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to draw growth curves and assess obesity prevalence in adolescents of public schools, and to explore selected food consumption frequency and physical activity.
schools. From the list of schools provided by the Ministry of Education, a random sample of 20 schools was chosen, distributed in all Lebanese regions. Participants were 2547 adolescents, aged between 11 to 18 years. Anthropometric measures of height and weight were taken, growth curves were drawn. Obesity and at risk of obesity prevalences were also calculated. Selected food intake frequency, physical activity and sedentary behavior were also analyzed. RESULTS: Growth curves were drawn for boys and girls. Overall, 6.6% of adolescents were obese, while 20.5% were at risk of obesity. There were significant differences in obesity prevalence estimates between age groups in girls : increased age was associated with higher obesity (3.8% in those < or =13 years of age versus 10.6%in those > 17 y ; p = 0.02) ; this trend was not found in boys (6.5% in those < or = 13 y and 7.2% in those > 17 y; p = 0.78). As expected, a significant increase in the risk of being overweight was found with increased frequency of eating fried potatoes, chocolate and eating out. In contrast, eating fruits and having physical activity were associated with a lower risk of being overweight. 346
CONCLUSION: In Lebanese public schools, we found high rates of obesity and associated behaviors. Preventing obesity should focus on promoting healthy lifestyles for adolescents of low socioeconomic status.
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, March, 2011;17(3) Pattern of Obesity and Associated Diabetes in Lebanese Adolescents: A Pilot Study. P. Salameh 1 and B. Barbour 1 1 Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon (Correspondence to: P. Salameh:salameh@ul.edu.lb). ABSTRACT Obesity-associated diabetes in adolescents is increasing throughout the world. In this study, body mass index and capillary blood glucose were measured in a randomly selected sample of adolescents from 3 Lebanese private schools. Obesity was evaluated according to International Obesity Task Force cut-offs. Out of 300 students, 18.7% were at risk of obesity and 3.0% were obese. Random glycaemia level was ≥ 140 mg/dL in 10.3% of students. In those fas ng, 10.5% had glucose intolerance and 3.5% had diabetes. Glucose levels were significantly higher in overweight versus normal weight individuals: 86 (SD 13) versus 96 (SD 16) mg/dL. Among the normal weight group 8.6% had abnormal glycaemia while among those who were overweight 37.0% had abnormal glycaemia. Lebanese school students have high rates of overweight and of obesity-associated diabetes and glucose intolerance.
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Int J Obes (Lond). 2011 Feb;35(2):251-8. Epub 2010 Jul 6. A Mediterranean Diet Pattern with Low Consumption of Liquid Sweets and Refined Cereals is Negatively Associated with Adiposity in Adults from Rural Lebanon. Issa C, Darmon N, Salameh P, Maillot M, Batal M, Lairon D. INRA, UMR 1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Préven on des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, France. Abstract BACKGROUND: The beneficial impact of the traditional Mediterranean diet pattern on adiposity is still under debate, and this has never been assessed in a developing Mediterranean country.
traditional Mediterranean diet and adiposity indexes, that is, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), in a sample from rural Lebanon.
continental rural areas of Lebanon for a cross-sectional study. The questionnaire included socio-demographic, anthropometric and dietary sections. The daily consumption frequencies of selected food groups, categorized as positive or negative components, were calculated based on a food frequency questionnaire. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed using six a priori scores; including the widely used Mediterranean diet score (MDS). Associations between diet scores and BMI and WC were assessed.
tradi onal Mediterranean diet. A total of 17.0% of men and 33.7% women were obese. The MDS was negatively associated (P<0.05) with WC, but not BMI, in men and women. The constructed composite Mediterranean score combining positive components of the diet (whole cereals, vegetables, legumes and fruit, olive oil and fish) and negative components adapted to this sample (refined cereals and pastries, and liquid sweets) was consistently and negatively associated with both BMI and WC for men and women in mul variate models. A 2-point increase in that score was associated with a decrease in BMI of 0.51 and 0.78 kg m(-2) and a decrease in WC of 2.77 and 4.76 cm in men and women, respec vely.
negatively associated with obesity and visceral adiposity in a rural population of a developing Mediterranean country.
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J Adolesc Health. 2010 Dec;47(6):591-5. Epub 2010 Jun 23. Bone Mineral Content and Density in Obese, Overweight, and Normal-Weighted Sedentary Adolescent Girls. El Hage R, Moussa E, Jacob C. Faculty of Art and Social Sciences, Division of Physical Education, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon. rawadelhage21@hotmail.com Abstract PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the whole body (WB) bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in obese, overweight, and normal-weighted adolescent sedentary girls.
weighted adolescent (aged, 12-20) sedentary (prac cing less than 2 hours of physical activity/week) girls. The three groups (obese, overweight, and normal) were matched for age and maturation index (years since menarche). BMC, bone mineral area (BMA), BMD, and body composition were assessed by dual-energy X-ray asborptiometry. Bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) was calculated for the WB.
weighted girls (p < .05 and p < .001, respec vely). Overweight girls had higher BMC values than normal-weighted girls (p < .05). BMD values were not different among the three groups. However, obese and overweight girls had lower BMAD and higher BMC/height values in comparison with normal- weighted girls (p < .05). Finally, after adjustment for lean mass, BMC, BMA, BMD, and BMAD were not different among the three groups.
with higher BMC, BMC/height, and lower BMAD of the WB. This study suggests that BMD, BMC, BMA, and BMAD of the WB are not significantly different among the three groups (obese, overweight, and normal) after adjustment for lean mass. Therefore, our results suggest that the skeleton of the overweight and the obese girls adapts to the increased lean mass.
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Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;57(2):135-42. Epub 2010 Nov 9. Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance in Obese Prepubertal Children in Lebanon: A Primary Health Concern. Nasreddine L, Ouaijan K, Mansour M, Adra N, Sinno D, Hwalla N. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon. Abstract BACKGROUND: Ethnic-based associations between obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MS) have been suggested. The prevalence of MS in obese children was found to range between 13.9 and 48.8%, depending on the country of origin. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between obesity and various components of MS in prepubertal children in Lebanon. METHODS: Eighty-seven obese children (Tanner stage 1), 25 overweight and 28 normal-weight controls were recruited from private and public schools. Anthropometric, biochemical and blood pressure measurements were performed. RESULTS: According to the modified Adult Treatment Panel III definition, the MS was iden fied in 26.4 and 4% of obese and overweight children, respectively, with a higher prevalence among girls than boys. The most common abnormalities among subjects with MS were elevated waist circumference (WC) (100.0%), high triglyceride (91.7%) and low high- density lipoprotein cholesterol (66.7%) levels. Insulin resistance was iden fied in 70% of obese children and 75% of those having the MS. Body mass index, WC and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were significant determinants of the MS in this age group.
underscoring the importance of early screening of obesity and its associated metabolic abnormalities and of developing successful multicomponent interventions addressing pediatric obesity and MS.
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Pediatr Int. 2010 Aug;52(4):573-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2009.03021.x. Activity, Inactivity and Quality Of Life among Lebanese Adolescents. Fazah A, Jacob C, Moussa E, El-Hage R, Youssef H, Delamarche P. Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics of Motor Performance, Division of Physical Education, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon. abdallah.fazah@balamand.edu.lb
overweight and obesity prevalence rates for Lebanese adolescents, and to examine differences in physical activity, screen time (sum of time spent in front of TV, computer, and videogames), and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for the first time among normal, overweight, and obese adolescents. METHODS: One thousand Lebanese adolescents (14-18 years old) from nine schools participated in the study. Height, weight, physical activity, screen time, and HRQOL variables were assessed using validated self-report questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 7.8% of boys and 1.75% of girls were obese, and 22.5% of boys and 12.47% of girls were overweight. Normal-weight boys reported higher physical activity scores at health clubs than obese boys. Normal- weight girls reported higher leisure time and total physical activity scores than obese girls. In the normal-weight group, boys reported higher total screen time than girls. Normal-weight boys reported higher physical functioning scores than their obese peers. Normal-weight girls reported higher physical functioning and average HRQOL scores than obese girls. Normal-weight and overweight boys reported higher average HRQOL scores than girls. CONCLUSION: The present study is the first to provide data on physical activity, screen time, and HRQOL among Lebanese adolescents. Despite the need for further research, all those concerned with the pediatric population are urged to develop and implement effective strategies to increase physical activity and improve HRQOL among adolescents based on the present findings.
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J Med Liban. 2010 Apr-Jun;58(2):97-100. Body Mass Index and Body Fat in Lebanese Female Adolescents. Fazah A, Jacob C, El-Hage R, Delamarche P, Moussa E. Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics of Motor Performance, Division of Physical Education, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon. abdallah.fazah@balamand.edu.lb
body mass index (BMI) and body fat (BF) among Lebanese female adolescents.
study. BMI was calculated as weight/height. Adiposity was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).
Correla on coefficient of fat mass (BF) with BMI is 0.93. The two linear regression formulas are: %BF = 6.89 + (1.1 *BMI) and BF = - 0.425 + (129 *BMI).
CONCLUSION: Correlations of BMI with DEXA measurements were higher with BF than %BF. For a given BMI, Lebanese girls have a higher than expected %BF. Based on the current findings, there may be a need to develop new cutoff points. From a public health perspective, this may considerably increase the prevalence of obesity among Lebanese female adolescents.
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Transplant Proc. 2010 Apr;42(3):785-8. Effect of Pretransplantation Body Mass Index on Allograft Function and Patient Survival after Renal Transplantation. Abou-Jaoude MM, Nawfal N, Najm R, Honeidi M, Shaheen J, Almawi WY. Department of Surgery, Sacre'-Coeur Hospital, Baabda-Hazmieh, Lebanon.
We evaluated the effects of pretransplantation recipient body mass index (BMI) on allograft survival and on kidney function. Kidney transplant recipients were grouped according to their pretransplantation BMIs: Group I (BMI<18.5 kg/m2; n=10); Group II (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2; n=62); Group III (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2; n=47); and Group IV (BMI>30.0 kg/m2; n=16). Excellent 1-year patient and graft survival rates were observed in all groups. Increased BMI was associated with increased hypertension and longer hospital stays. The incidence of acute rejection episodes, slow graft function, and delayed graft function, as well as the need for antithymocyte globulin Fresenius (ATG-F) rescue therapy were comparable between the 4 pa ent groups. The 1-year glomerular filtration rate was markedly different between the 4 pa ent groups. The 1-year posttransplantation glucose level was higher among obese patients compared with the other groups. A mul variate regression analysis confirmed the associa on of a higher 1- year GFR with obesity (BMI>30.0 kg/m2). Overweight and obese recipients showed excellent long-term patient and graft survival rates. Accordingly, denying patients renal transplantation because of obesity may not be justified.
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