Phraseology and Culture in English

3.2.2.1. Attributive use of 
gorja
þ* / žark*
A survey of the results is displayed in the appendix (see appendix Table 2). 
A semantic analysis of the data allows for a specification of the following 
senses of gorja
þ* / žark*. The literal sense identified for the Russian words 
is the same as for the English search word: 
(a) 
Having a high temperature 
(b) 
Causing the sensation of heat 
The AN combinations fall into the same groups as in English: 
Weather (a/b) den’, solnce / den’, solnce, leto, klimat, pogoda, kraj, veter, god,
Food (a/b) 
þaj, kofe, moloko, eda, pirožki, maslo, kartofel’ 
Others (a/b) voda, vanna, dus, š
þeka, peþ’, ugol’ / dyxanie, telo, plamja, po
The extended senses were identified exploiting what had been found for the 
English data. It turned out that the senses fall into the same groups, though 
there are a few discrepancies noticeable in the individual sense group. In sense 
group 2, two additional types of emotion attract gorja
þ* as a modifier: im-
patience and anger (cf. (f) and (g)). In sense group 3, no examples could be 
identified for the sensation of an intense taste, and in group 4, there is only 
evidence for (b) success. Comparing the two adjectives with each other, I 
found that gorja
þ* is more frequent and more polysemous than žark*. The 
latter adjective is more likely to be used literally, of the 29 AN combina-
tions analysed, about two thirds have a literal reading, of the 73 AN combi-
nations gorja
þ* participates in, not even half have a literal reading. The 
senses expressed by the Russian data can be summarized as follows: 

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Hot, heiß, and gorjachij
153
1. 
having a high temperature / causing the sensation of a high temperature 
 gorja
þ * 
see above žark 
* 
see above 
2. 
having / feeling / causing an intense emotion
 gorja
þ*
a) vremja (time) žark* a) vremja 
 
b) no examples
b) no examples 
c) spor (argument)
c) debat (debate) 

 
patriot (patriot) 
 
 
d) poceluj (kiss)
d) poceluj, telo (body) 
e) novosti (news)
e) no examples 
f) 
lošad’ (horse)
f) 
no 
examples 
g) 
ruka (hand)
g) no 
examples 
3. 
having / feeling / causing an intense sensation 
 gorja
þ*
a) no examples žark* a) no examples
b) no examples
b) svet (light) 
4. 
being close to match 
 gorja
þ*
a) sled (trace) žark* 
a) no examples 
b) no examples
b) no examples 
5. 
being close to 
final stage of 
event 
gorja
þ
a) no 
examples 
žark* a) 
no 
examples 
6. dangerous 
 gorja
þ* vremja, žark* 
 
no examples 
kartofel’ (potato)