Pokonferencyjna

Аннотатсия
Эта статья информирует о большоеразнообразие рассуждения, и различием
ежду вычетом и индуктивныерассуждения. Давая некоторые факты нафоне эт
ой области, документы смотрит нанесколько обследований, которые были,ярк
о, передал исследователи. Такимобразом, чтобы объяснить смысл темы,есть т
акже приводится множествопримеров. Оба носителя языка и ESL(Английский к
ак второй язык) студентыимеют трудности с дифференциациейвычитания и 
индуктивные рассуждения вовремя учебного процесса. 
Key words: reasoning, deductive, analogic, inductive reasoning, make a decision, 
proof, importance, prove.

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70 
MONOGRAFIA POKONFERENCYJNA
ing facts from specific to general. To il-
lustrate, inductive reasoning can be iden-
tified through some certain samples 
below:
*Jane goes to school at 8 o’clock. She is 
always on time. So, Jane knows that if she 
goes at 8 o’clock. She will be on time.
* Jack showed a gold ring to Malika. 
He told that he wanted to marry Merry. 
So, Jack had bought the ring for Merry.
* Every time you drink Cola, you can-
not breath and your throat sweels up. 
Thus, you have an allergy on Cola.
* Umida is from 213 group. She is sit-
ting in the classroom №22. Hence, the 
classroom №22  is belong to 213  group 
students.
* All volleyball players in our school 
are tall. The volleyball players of college 
are also tall. So, all volleyball players will 
be tall.
In the fact that, by contrast to deduc-
tive reasoning, in inductive reasoning 
there should be several supportive ideas 
in order to prove the conclusion. Nor-
mally, the conclusion of deductive argu-
ment is certain, whereas the summary of 
inductive one is in all probability. Some-
times in inductive reasoning conclusion 
can be not true or unreliable. However, in 
deductive reasoning it rarely happens.[3]
If we look back at the history of induc-
tive reasoning, it appeared many centu-
ries ago which used by modern people. 
Famous an English writer- Francis Bacon 
did some surveys on inductive reasoning 
in 17
th
 century and became famous as 
“The father of inductive reasoning” 
among people all over the world. In his 
work, Bacon relied on some theories 
which were given by Aristotle about de-
ductive reasoning. He learnt all data that 
related to deductive and made great con-
tribution to the discovery of inductive 
reasoning by contrasting both arguments 
to each other [4].
On the other hand, deductive reason-
ing is not the same as an inductive argu-
ment, and it has some aspects which are 
opposite to inductive reasoning. Deduc-
tive argumentaresyllogisms [6]. Deduc-
tive reasoning jumps to conclusion on 
relying from general to specific proofs. To 
explain such kind of reasoning, numerous 
illustrations can be utilized. For example:
*It is an Umka, then it is a dog.It is an 
Umka. Therefore, it is a dog.
*Michael is a bachelor. All bachelors 
are not married. So Michael is not mar-
ried too.
*All apples are fruits. All fruits grow 
on trees. Therefore, all apples grow on 
trees.
*All birds have wings. Parrot is a bird. 
Hence, a parrot has also wings.
* The chairs in whole house are wood-
en. The chair which is in kitchen is 
wooden,hall’s chairs are also wooden. 
Thus, the chairs of drawing-room are 
made from wood.
Deductive reasoning has a chance to 
go from specific to general. But this is a 
rare situation. For instance,
The members of Smith family are Jane, 
Victor and Lucas. Jane is fat, Victor is fat, 
Lucas is fat. Therefore, all members of 
Smith family are fat.
Thanks to these examples, it becomes 
easy to understand the meaning of deduc-
tive reasoning. At first, it looks like very 

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  71 
PHILOLOGY,  SOCIOLOGY AND CULTUROLOGY №14
simple,however, it can go wrong some-
times. As a consequence, the conclusion 
will be false. If the premises are true, so 
the conclusion will be true. According to 
those examples below, it becomes clear 
that the entire process of deductive rea-
soning is the most significant part. [5]
Inductive and deductive reasoning are 
not only opposite but also related to each 
other. In ancient times, deductive argu-
ment was used as a standard way of rea-
soning by many researchers in scientific 
researches while inductive reasoning was 
utilized to gain basic hypothesis from 
observation. The assumption gained from 
induction can be tested in deductive rea-
soning.
Very many scientists claim that induc-
tive reasoning cannot be used in science. 
Especially, the most outstanding scientist 
David Hume thought that there is not any 
evidence in inductive reasoning. It comes 
just from people’s prediction and wish. 
Popper also claimed that there are always 
several problems with justification of in-
ductive reasoning. He said:” We know 
that the sun will always rise accordingto 
induction. However there is not any in-
formation about the reasons. So we can-
not jump to conclusion through inductive 
reasoning.”
The famous Charles Darwin used in-
ductive reasoning to conclude his theories. 
Darwin gained a lot of data and made 
several observations. However, his theories 
are very general and wide. By contrast to 
inductive, deductive was easily accepted by 
scientists. They admitted that all premises 
in this method are true, reasonable and 
logical. So it is better to make a decision 
through deductive reasoning. [6]
Apart from inductive and deductive 
reasoning, there is also another efficient 
type of decision making which is called 
abductive reasoning. This method typi-
cally begins with some observations and 
ends with probable explanation. This is 
widely used by doctors in daily life. Since 
they always look at the symptoms and put 
a diagnosis. Unlike inductive reasoning, 
in abductive reasoning there should not 
be complete evidence. However it is crea-
tive, revolutionary and intuitive process. 
Einstein used this technics in his great 
works. He never utilized inductive or de-
ductive types.
To take into consideration, nearly eve-
ry types of reasoning is very effective. But 
most people prefer to use inductive and 
deductive reasoning. It is better to be 
aware of all of them and to utilize them 
differently according to different situa-
tions. Sometimes it is possible to use all of 
them in one time in various fields.