Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs: a cross-linguistic study
particular, but covered a whole area
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particular, but covered a whole area. However, if we change around for at as in (20), the reading we obtain is very different. B. Iraide Ibarretxe Antuñano Chapter 2: The Semantic Field of Sense Perception 192 (20) The police have been sniffing at this place The preposition at, as in sentence (18), narrows down the area of activity of the police. Now it is not a whole area where they have been investigating but a very specific spot. But what is more, the meaning of (20) changes from being an extended metaphorical meaning – ‘to investigate’ –, to the prototypical physical meaning of ‘to smell (activity)’. In all these examples, it would be impossible to infer such meanings without the specific use of these elements. The situation is somehow different in the following examples. (21) Who touched my clothes? (22) An appeal that touches us all (23) He touched the highest point in his career (24) Mary can smell danger from miles away In (21), the extended meaning is ‘to affect’. Somebody has changed the state in which the clothes were and we want to know who that person is. In order to infer this meaning we need an entity that is able to carry the action of touching, as well as an entity that can be touched by the subject. Unlike in (19) and (20), the choice of both subject and complement is very wide; there are many entities that can carry out both tasks. The obtaining of this meaning does not depend upon such a restrictive choice of arguments. The same statement can be made about the other two sentences. The meaning in (22) is also ‘to affect’, but metaphorically. An appeal is an entity that can have an effect on us, it is not a concrete entity and therefore the meaning inferred cannot be physical, but metaphorical. Therefore, the choice of this kind of abstract subject does have a consequence in the meaning in this sentence. But, as in (21), there are many abstract entities that can fill this position (a situation, a reaction) resulting in the same extended meaning of ‘affect’, so the choice of subject is not as restrictive as before. In (23), the meaning is ‘to reach’. In this case, the fact that an end-point is implied is not only conveyed by the nature of the tactile verb itself, but also by the complement B. Iraide Ibarretxe Antuñano Chapter 2: The Semantic Field of Sense Perception 193 the highest point that denotes a limit to that metaphorical action of touching. And since the highest point is without dimension, we get the achievement reading of ‘to reach’. As in the other examples, there are many other entities like bottom, eternity that can be placed in this position. Finally, the meaning in (24) is ‘to guess, to sense something’. This is also a metaphorical extension, the object trouble is an abstract entity, and therefore cannot be physically smelt as a flower can. Here again, there is a great deal of other entities that can be placed in this position (business, money), and therefore, the choice of complement is very wide. In these four examples, the semantics of the other elements of the sentence plays a role in the overall meaning, but the importance of these elements is not as big as in the previous examples, (19) and (20). In order to obtain the meanings ‘to affect’, ‘to reach’, and ‘to guess’, it is necessary to have subjects that are able to touch and smell, and complements that can be touched and smelt. The achievement of that meaning, however, is not as dependent on these arguments as in (19) and (20). In (21), (22), (23), and (24) the intrinsic meaning of the verb itself plays a much more important role, than that of its arguments. Finally, we have sentence (25) with the meaning ‘to affect’. (25) John touched Mary As argued in Section 4.2.1, this sentence is highly ambiguous; there are simultaneous interpretations of this sentence. (25) can infer a physical contact between John and Mary, i.e. the prototypical meaning of touch; the meaning ‘to affect, physically’ as in a situation where John is not expected by Mary and when he touches her, he makes her shiver; and the meaning ‘to affect, metaphorically’, in which case an emotional reaction from Mary is implied. Without any more information about the context in which this sentence is uttered, one cannot decide whether (25) should be interpreted physically or metaphorically. Unlike the other examples, (25) cannot be predicted by the semantic properties of the arguments that the verb takes. John and Mary are too vague to constrain the semantic extension that takes place in this example. In the case of the meaning ‘to partake of food’, B. Iraide Ibarretxe Antuñano Chapter 2: The Semantic Field of Sense Perception 194 the complement the food constrains the semantic extension of the verb, because there are not too many things that can be done with food, apart from eating, cooking… With John and Mary the case is different, the possibilities for these two entities are infinite. And yet, the meanings that we have are the prototypical meaning, and ‘to affect’, both physically and metaphorically. In sum, based on these sets of examples, we can divide these polysemous senses into two groups. On the one hand, examples like (25), where it is not possible to predict what the interpretation is by means of the choice of arguments – these are called ‘unpredictable’ cases of polysemy; and on the other, those cases where the choice of arguments leads to a specific predicted extension of meaning. This latter group is further classified depending on the degree of influence of the semantics of the arguments involved. Where meanings such as ‘to partake of food’ and ‘to trail something’ are mainly determined by the arguments and other elements in the sentence, in other meanings like ‘to affect’, ‘to reach’, and ‘to guess’, it is the verb that mainly governs the choice of arguments and meaning. The former cases are called ‘argument-driven Download 1.39 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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