Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs: a cross-linguistic study
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PhD-Thesis-99
7.2.1. GRADUABLE POLYSEMY
In Section 7.1, it has been argued that all the elements in a sentence take part in the overall meaning of the sentence itself. The same statement can be made about the semantic extensions of tactile 146 and olfactory verbs. Below there are some examples of such extensions in English. (15) John hardly touched the food (16) The dog was sniffing around looking for the hare As has already been discussed in this thesis several times, the meaning of (15) is inferred not only because of the verb touch, but also because of the direct complement the food and the adjunct hardly. It would be impossible to infer a meaning like ‘to partake of food’ without having a complement that denotes some kind of edible object. Therefore, it is possible to predict that whenever the complement of the verb to touch refers to an edible object, then the meaning is ‘to partake of food’. The meaning in (16) is ‘to trail something’. This meaning is inferred not just because of the verb to sniff, but also because the subject of the sentence is the dog, an animal known for its accurate and sharp sense of smell; the preposition around that gives us the information that there is not a certain point where the dog is smelling, but a vague area, and the fact that the action of sniffing has a purpose, i.e. to look for the hare. We also know that animals, as well as people, leave a distinctive trail that can be easily followed by dogs. 146 See Ibarretxe-Antuñano (1999d) for an initial approach to polysemy in tactile verbs. B. Iraide Ibarretxe Antuñano Chapter 2: The Semantic Field of Sense Perception 191 If we substitute around for other prepositions such as out and at, the meaning of the sentence changes completely. (17) The dog sniffed out the hare In (17), the preposition out changes the meaning of the sentence completely. (17) does not mean that the dog is following the trail left behind by the hare, but that the dog has already discovered where the hare was. Although I am not going to focus on this issue in this thesis, it is worth noticing that in order to obtain this meaning, it has been necessary to change the verb phrase in (17). ‘To trail something’ is an activity and as such, it requires the aspect of the VP to be progressive. ‘To discover’, however, is an achievement and requires a non-progressive duration of action instead (*The dog was sniffing out the hare). The same conclusions can be reached if we use the preposition at as in (18). (18) The dog was sniffing at the hare In (18), the preposition at cancels the sense of vagueness inferred by around. In this case, at points towards a very specific area of action, what the dog is sniffing is a very definite entity, the hare. At the same time, it is important to point out that the meaning of the sentence shifts from the extended physical of ‘to follow a trail’ to the prototypical physical meaning of ‘to smell (activity)’. This change is even more dramatic if, instead of the physical extended meaning ‘to follow a trail’, we change the preposition in the metaphorical extended meaning ‘to investigate’ illustrated in (19). (19) The police have been sniffing around this place In this example, the subject the police helps to obtain the meaning ‘to investigate’, as it is commonly assumed that one of the main activities of the police is obviously to investigate cases, looking for evidence, and so on. The preposition around tells us that the police have been investigating in this area. They have not gone to a specific place in Download 1.39 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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