Practical english

Sanaladigan: Time marta; Hair qil; Paper gazeta, hujjat; Light chiroq; Glass stakan; Iron dazmol; Work asar; experience sarguzasht
Sanalmaydigan: time vaqt; hair soch; paper qog’oz; light yoru’lik; glass shisha; iron temir; work ish; experience tajriba
Sanaladigan: Kindness savob; Society tashkilot; Nature xarakter; Life umir; wood yog’och; Grammar darslik; Stone toshcha
Sanalmaydigan: kindness mehribonlik; society jamiyat; nature tabiat; life hayot; Wood o’rmon; grammar grammatika; stone tosh
❗ Bazi otlar butun tirik narsa yoki jonzotni nazarda tutsa sanaladigan, ovqat taom kabilarni nazarda tutsa sanalmaydigan hisoblanadi: fish, chicken, egg, potato.
❗ Ba’zi bir otlarning tarjimasi ingliz tilida ikki yoki undan ortiq bo’lishi mumkin:
E.g. sayohat – travel (sanalmaydi), journey (sanaladi); manzara – scenery (sanalmaydi), view (sanaladi); ish – work (sanalmaydi), job (sanaladi); maslahat – advice (sanalmaydi), suggestion (sanaladi).
❗ Sanaladigan otlar birlik (singular) va ko’plik (plural) shakllariga ega. Otlarning ko’plik shakli ingliz tilida quyidagi yo’llar bilan yasaladi:
1. ko’pchilik otlarning ko’plik shakli –s/-es suffiksi qo’shish orqali yasaladi. E.g. a book – books, a flower – flowers.
a) agar so’z -y harfi bilan tugasa, -y harfi ko’plik shaklida -ies ga aylanadi: cry – cries, lady – ladies, baby – babies.
b) Y dan oldingi harf unli bo’lsa faqat -s qo’shiladi: boys, days, keys
c) S, ss,sh,ch, x,z bilan so’z tugasa -es qo’shiladi: buses, classes, boxes
d) O+es: potatoes, tomatoes, heroes, negroes but oo+s zoos, loos
e) So’z -o bilan tugab undan oldin unli kelsa -s oladi: studios, videos
f) Qisqartirilgan so’zlar -o bilan tugasa s qo’yiladi: Photos [photographs] autos [automobiles]
h) Musiqa asbob, atoqli ot, xorijiy so’zlar -o bilan tugasa s qo’yiladi: Pianos cellos. solos. Trios, Eskimo – Eskimos (atoqli ot); kimano – kimonos. Peso – pesos (xorijiy so’zlar).
g) ba’zi “O” bilan otlarga yoki –s yoki –es qo’shiladi: zeros=zeroes, buffalo, mosquito, tornado, cargo, mango
i) F yoki fe bilan tugasa f ➡️ V ga aylanadi: calf - calves, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf self, shelf, thief, wife, wolf
j) Ba’zi otlarda o’zgarish bo’lmaydi: roof - roofs, cliff, gulf, proof, safe, grief, cuff, belief, chief, staff.
k) ba’zi otlar ikkala shaklga ham ega: scarf, wharf, hoof, handkerchief, turf.
2. Ba’zi otlarning ko‘pligi qo‘shimcha qo‘shilmasdan o‘zakda o’zgarish qilish yordamida yasaladi:
man — men , woman — women, goose — geese, foot — feet, mouse — mice, ox — oxen, child — children, tooth – teeth, louse – lice. Mouse kompyuter sichqonchasi ma’nosida mouses bo’ladi.
3. Ba’zi otlarning birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega: sheep — qo‘y, sheep – qo’ylar. Shunga o’xshash otlar: Fish, deer, swine, salmon (losos), jellyfish (medusa), a counsel (advokat), a craft, a spacecraft, an offspring (farzand), a cod (treska), carp, pike, plaice, squid, turbot, mackerel, cattle, shrimp.
❗ Ammo fish, sheep so’zlariga –s,-es qo’shilishi mumkin qachonki ularning turlari yoki navlari nazarda tutilsa.
4. S harfi bilan tugaydigan quyidagi otlar ham birlikda ham ko’plikda ishlatiladi: A means, means vosita, A species; a series qator, seriye; a headquarters; a barracks kazarma, crossroads, kennels.