Practical english

5. –ch, -sh, -ese, -ss bilan tugagan millat nomlari bir shaklda ham birlik, ham ko’plikda ishlatiladi, faqat artikl yordamida birlik va ko’plik bir birovidan ajratiladi. E.g. A Chinese xitoylik the Chinese xitoyliklar.
6. Penny otining 2 ta ko’pligi bor: pence va pennies. Pence –tiyin, 100 pence= 1 pound. Pennies tanga.
7. Boshqa tillardan, ayniqsa yunon va lotin tillaridan olingan otlar o’zlarining ko’plik formalarini saqlab qolganlar. Quyidagi qo’shimchalar ko’plik formasida quyidagi qo’shimchalarga aylanadi:
-um qo’shimchasi –a ga: datum - data
-is qo’shimchasi –es ga: analysis – analyses; basis - bases
-us qo’shimchasi –i ga aylanadi: cactus – cacti, alumnus – alumni
-on qo’shimchasi –a ga: criterion – criteria (me’yor, standart)
❗ Qo’shma otlarning ko’plik shakli quyidagi yo’llar bilan yasaladi:
A) ko’plik qo’shimchasi qo’shma ot oxirida qo’yiladi: Office workers
B) qo’shma birikma otdan tarkib topmagan bo’lsa oxiri oladi: merry-go-round – merry-go-rounds
C) qo’shma ot predlogli bo’lsa 1 – otga qo’shiladi: Mother-in-law - mothers in law;
D) agar qo’shma ot tarkibida man, woman so’zlari ishtirok etgan bo’lsa, shu so’zlar ko’plik formasida men, women so’zlariga aylanadi: businessman- businessmen
e) Agar qo’shma ot ikkita otdan tarkib tobgan bo’lsa, qo’shma so’zlarning birinchi so’zi man yoki woman bo’lsa, har ikkala so’z ham ko’plik shaklda bo’ladi: Man-servant men servants; Woman-doctor women doctors.
❗ Harf va raqamlarning ko’plik formasi ‘s sufikisi qo’shish orqali yasaladi. Two m’s; two 5’s 2 ta 5 raqami.
❗ Yil va qisqartmalarni ko’pligi kichkina s: VIP=VIPs; MP=MPs; 1890=the 1890s
❗ Ba’zi bir otlar faqat ko’plik shaklga ega va ulardan keyin faqat ko’plikdagi fe’l ishlatiladi. Bularga:
A) juft otlar: trousers, jeans, shorts, tights, pants, scissors, glasses. Kesim ko’plikda: My trousers are dirty.
Agar bu otlar a pair of jumlasidan keyin berilsa kesim birlikda beriladi: Here is a pair of scissors.
Agar pair so’zi ko’plikda berilsa kesim ham ko’plikda beriladi: Here are three pairs of scissors.
B) har xil otlar: Goods tovarlar, proceeds savdo tushimi, slums xarobalar, Contents mundarija, mazmun, clothes kiyim kechak, stairs zina, riches, dregs qoldiq, oats suli, thanks, credentials martaba, soapsuds ko’pik, troops qo’shin, whereabouts qayerdaligi, bowels ichak chavoq, surroundings, savings, belongings, goings on noqonuniy ishlar, winnings yuqutlar, proceedings sud ishi, arms qurol yarog’, ashes kul, conguratulations, earnings, good looks go’zallik, outskirts shahar chekkaleri, premises bino yer maydoni, wages maosh brains aql zakovat, manners xulq atvor, lovebirds oshiq moshiqlar. These goods have arrived from London.