Practical english

Dozen — dyujina (o‘n ikkitalik), score — yigirmatalik, gross – qirqtalik so‘zlaridan oldin son kelsa birlik, kelmasa ko‘plikda bo‘ladi. Two dozen of eggs ; Scores of people were present there.
❗ Ba’zi bir otlar ko’plik qo’shimchasi –s/-es bilan tugasada ulardan so’ng kesim birlikda beriladi. Bularga:
1) –ics bilan tugaydigan so’zlar asosan fanlar: mathematics. Physics is an interesting subject.
2) davlatlar: The United States is big.
3) sport o’yinlari: billiards, darts, cards. Billiards is played all over the world.
4) kasalliklar: diabetes, measles, mumps, rabies
5) arifmetik iboralar: two and two is four
6) davr, masofa, pul birligi va o’lchamlari: Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.
❗ People odamlar ma’nosida faqat ko’plikda ishlatiladi. There were many people there.
People so’zi xalq ma’nosida kelsa ham birlik, ham ko’plikda ishlatiladi: the uzbek people is hospitable.
❗ Ba’zi otlar birlik va ko’plik shakllarda boshqa boshqa ma’nolarga ega:
Paper qog’oz - papers document; Compass kompis - compasses sirkul; Experience tajriba - experiences zarguzasht; Custom odat - customs bojxona; Glass stakan - glasses ko’z oynak; Hair soch - hairs soch tolalari; Scale hajm - scales tarozi; Wood yog’och - woods o’rmon; Work ish - works asarlar; Sight ko’rish qobiliyati - sights diqqatga sazovor joylar.
❗ Odamlar yoki hayvonlar guruhini anglatadigan ot jamlovchi ot deyiladi: family, team, government, army, the public, crew, delegation, crowd, staff, group, jury, audience, police, company, arsenal Liverpool, bunyotkor..
Agar fikr jamlovchi otning o’ziga nomiga qaratilgan bo’lsa fel birlikda, agar fe’l jamoa azolariga qaratilga bo’lsa kesim ko’plikda bo’ladi:
His family is very famous. His family are having breakfast.
🌸Qaratqich kelishik the possessive case
1) Jonli otlarning qaratqich kelishigi otga ‘s qo’shish bilan yasaladi: the boy’s book
2) ko’plikdagi otdan keyin faqat apostrif belgisini qo’yish orqali yasaladi: The boys’ books
3) Agar otning ko’plik shakli –s qo’shimchasini qo’shmasdan o’zak o’zgarishi bilan yasalgan bo’lsa uning qaratqich kelishigidagi shakli ‘s qo’simchasini qo’shish bilan yasaladi: The children’s toys;
4) Qo’shma so’zlarga qaratqich kelishigi oxirgi so’zga qo’shiladi: My brother-in-law’s library
5) Bitta buyumning egasi ikki yoki undan ortiq kishi bo’lsa qaratqich kelishigi oxirgi otga qo’shiladi.
Peter and Helen’s flat is large.
6) House, office, shop kabi so’zlar ko’pincha qaratqich kelishigi olgan otdan so’ng tushib qoladi.
I dined at my friend’s [=at my friend’s house]. She went to the baker’s [baker’s shop].
7) Ba’zi bir s bilan tugagan ismlarning qaratqichi faqat apostrif (‘) qo’yish orqali yasaladi:
Pythagoras' Theorem; Archimedes' Law; Sophocles' plays
9) Jonsiz narsalarning qaratqichini yasash uchun of predlogidan foydalanamiz:
The first meal of the day, the title of the film, the shade of a tree.
10) jonli otlardan tashqari quyidagi otlarning qaratqich kelishigi ‘s yordamida yasaladi:
A) vaqt, masofa, pul : ten minutes'; two kilometres’ walk; twenty dollars' worth of gasoline
B) yulduz, planeta, quyosh, oy, yer, dunyo: the sun’s ray, the moon’s light,
C) mamlakat, shahar, kemalarni ifodalovchi otlar: London’s theatres; The ship’s crew.
D) ba’zi payt ravishlari ham egalik qo’shimchasini oladi: Today’s newspaper. Yesterday’s conversation
E) cherkov va ibodatxona nomlari: St Paul's Church, St Stephen’s Cathedral.
F) tashkilotlar: the European Economic Community’s exports.
G) Ba’zi qotib qolgan iboralarda egalik qo’shimchasi ifodalanadi: For order’s sake tartib uchun; For old acquaintance’s sake eski tashishlik haqqi; At a stone’s throw bir qadam; at arm’s length; (be) at death's door; the earth s surface; for goodness sake; journey’s end.
H) qisqartmalar: the PM's secretary the MP's briefcase the VIP's escort