Producer price indices volume 2002, Supplement 2
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- 3.8 Problem areas
3.7 Index calculation
The basic principles of index calculation – elementary aggregation, higher index aggregation, alignment of expenditure and price reference base, and chaining re-weighted indices – are the same for PPIs and CPIs. As these have been covered in Part 2.11, there is no need to repeat them here. There are, however, differences in practice. For example, although all OECD Member countries use a Laspeyres formula (standard or modified) for their published PPIs, some produce Paasche or Fisher indices at a later date as these may be preferred for national accounts deflation. Also, as previously discussed, weighting and aggregation systems may be considerably more complex for PPIs than CPIs due to the different coverage of product and industry (activity) indices, and the conceptual preference for net sector weighting. 3.8 Problem areas There may be many reasons why PPI samples are unrepresentative and thus liable to provide inaccurate results. All national PPIs suffer from collection and compilation problems to a greater or lesser extent. Problems associated with missing prices and seasonal items have been dealt with in Part 2.12 and there is no need to repeat them here. Examples of other problems are: • samples are selected purposively rather than using probability sampling methods, increasing the chances of bias. For example, establishments may be selected for their convenient geographical location or because they are known to be good respondents; • without probability selection methods, estimates of statistical accuracy cannot be made (but without some initial estimate of variance, a randomly selected sample cannot be optimised either so that stratification must be based on judgement); • the sample size for an industry may have become outdated if the industry has grown or contracted since the base period, i.e. the period when the sample was selected; 83 Price Indices © 2002 • new products may not be identified or included in the survey. This problem may be relieved to some extent by rotating the sample of establishments; • the sampling frame may be out of date or may not include certain groups of the target population. A common problem is that information on small producers is unreliable as this group is often volatile, with the result that the weight for small producers may be wrong. Typically they are under-represented. In an ideal world, it would always be possible to use statistically sound sampling techniques to produce PPIs of the required accuracy, within given resource constraints. Reality, however, usually does not conform to this ideal. It is usually impossible to correctly optimise samples since reliable estimates of population variances are rarely available, sampling frames are always deficient to some extent, and response rates are unpredictable. The aim is, therefore, to make the best use of what is available and to apply the principles of sampling in a common-sense and practical way. Arguably the most important step in sampling is to fully establish and understand what the survey is trying to estimate, the limitations of the sampling frame and the environment in which the survey will be conducted, i.e. likely response rates, data quality, and the level of available resources. Once this starting position has been established a sample design can be drawn up, with decisions being made about stratification, sample size and allocation. Random sampling techniques may be employed in countries where a large amount of data are available and reasonable estimates of variance can be made but it is usually the case that samples are selected judgementally. If done wisely, this may be a perfectly reasonable approach. As with most panel samples, PPIs suffer from the problems associated with a changing population. Any sample of establishments and products will become increasingly unrepresentative over time, and is likely to be depleted as establishments cease production. Some form of panel rotation or supplementation is advised to minimise any bias caused by these problems. Download 465.51 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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