33.Communicative competence encompasses the knowledge of how to use language in the real world, without which the rules of grammar would be useless.
34.An information gap is organized to promote speaking activities.
35. Linguistic component covering language and speech material;
36. Linguo-cultural component covering cultural-marked items and cultural information;
37.Psychological component, which includes development of sub-skills and skills, as well as cultural awareness which enable the learners to use them for communicative purposes;
38. Methodological/instructional component that is related to techniques and procedures derived from application of didactic principles.
39.Pedagogics is the science concerned with the teaching and education, of the younger generation.
40. Acquisition - a concept contrasted with learning which refers to the unconscious 'picking up' of a language with little if any focus on formal instruction or learning.
41. Active construction of grammar - a theory of learning which suggests that learning is a process of developing and refining hypotheses about language structure.
42. Active vocabulary - Describing the language which a learner can both understand and use.
43. Analogy - a perceived similarity between two items which can aid production and comprehension but which may also lead to errors of over-generalisation of rules.
44. Approximation - a coping strategy which involves either circumlocution or substitution in the face of ignorance of the correct form.
45. Audio-lingualism - an approach to language teaching which draws on structural linguistic analysis of language and behaviourist theories of learning.
A development is audio-visual teaching making use of images, moving or otherwise.
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