Qarshi davlat universiteti kimyo-biologiya fakulteti zoologiya kafedrasi

2.2. Asalarilar Varroa kanalari biologiyasi va ekologiyasi
Keyingi paytlarda dunyoning ko‘pgina mamlakatlarida asalarilarning turli yuqumli kasalliklarga chalinishi kuzatilmoqda. Jumladan asalarilarda akaripidoz, varroatoz kasalliklarini Acarapis, Varroa destructor kanalari keltirib chiqaradi. Bundan tashqari kanalar bilan zararlangan asalari oilalari mazkur kasalliklar o‘chog‘i sanaladi va kasallikni boshqa asalarilarga tarqalishining asosiy sababchisi, manbasidir.
Asalarilar varroatosiasalarilar rivozhlanishining barchalar va, g’umbakvaimogastadiyalaridauzoқdavometuvchikasallikbўlib, uni Varroa canalariқўzғatadi.
Asalarilarvarroatosiasalarilarrivozhlanishiningbarchalarva, ғumbakvaimogastadiyalaridauzoқdavometuvchikasallikbўlib, uni Varroa canalariқўzғatadi.
Dunyodaasalarilar Varroa kanalariXHasrningboshlaridaaniқlangan. LekinularbiologysinitadқiққilishEvropadaasalarilarda (Apis mellifera) kengtarқalgandansўngKhKhasrningikkinchiyarmiўrtalaridaboshlandi
. Chunks Varroa kanasiningўzgakhzhayinvayangiekologikқўlaysharoitgaўtishi, asalarilardahavflivarroatozkasalliginiқўzғab, asalarichilikrivozhlanishigazhiddiytўsiқbўlaboshlaganedi [4].

Varroa avlodikanalari Varroidae oilasi Gamasina kichikturkumi, Mezostigmata turkumi Parazitiformes kattaturkumigakiradi.

Varroa avlodicanalari Apis avlodiasalarylariningectoparasitihisisoblanadivaularning 4 ta: V.jacobsoni, V.destruktor, V.rindereri va V. underwoodi turlari qayd etilgan va ular: V.jacobsoni – A. segana asalarisidaIndonesianingYavaorolida, keyinroқA. nigrocincta asalarisida Indonesia datopilgan. A.mellifera asalarisidaesa Papua Yangi guinea pig qayd etilgan; V.destructor - (dastlab,
A. segana asalarisida Khitoy, Japan; V.rindereri - faqatgina A.koschevnikovi asalarisidaMalaysiadakaidetilgan. V.underwoodi - A.segana asalarisidaNepal, Afrikada, KeyinroқA.nigrocincta asalarisidaIndonesiadatopilgan [2].
Dunyobuyicha V.destructor kanasibilanengkupA.mellifera asalarylarikasallanadi (Traynor et al., 2020). A.mellifera asalarisiningV. jacobsoni canasibilanzararlanishi (Roberts at al., 2015) Papua - YangiGuineyadaaniқlangan.AmmoV.destructor dakўpayishivaparazitlikқilishikaydқilingan.
AyrimholatlardaginaasalarilarniV.rindereri vaV.underwoodi canalaribilanzararlanishihaqidama'lumotlaruchraydivazhudakamurganilgan. Asalberuvchiasalarilarningyanabirturi A.cegana ҳamkўproқV.destruktor bilan, airimholatlardagina V.underwoodi canalaribilanzararlanadi. 2022 yilda Russianing Primorskulkasida A.segana tabiylarida population V.underwoodi canal aritopyldivaunigenCOX1 mtDNK polymorphism and morphometry of sianiclandi [2].
Varroa canasidastlab Edvard Yakobson tomonidan'rtahindarisidatopilganbulib, 1904 Yilda Udeman tomonidanruyhatgaolingan.
Varroa canasiasalarilardabirinchimarta Khitoida 1958 yilda, Russiadailkbor Primorskulkasida 1964 yilda Salchenko B.A., Poltev V.I. vab.q. tomonidantopilgan [1]. KeyingivaqtlardaDunyoningkўpginamamlakatlaridaasalarilarV.jacobsoni canasibiologysi, ecology,
targalishivaasalarilarnizararlanishibuyichatadқiқotlarolibborilmoқda. ZhumladanRossiyadaGorbunovP.S., BakulinF.E. (1998), Smirnov A.M. (2000), Grobov O.F., Likhotin A.K. (2003), Mannapov A.G., vab.қ. (2005), Tigarev B.M. (2007) vaboshqalartadqiqotlaridaasalarilaroilasiga Varroa canalariuzitҞғridan-tҞғrizararetkazadi, EfimovB. (2004), PitterB. (2007), BatuevY. (2007) tadқiқotlaridaesa Varroakanalarikўpginaviruslivayuқumlikasalliklarniasalarilargatashibıtishianiқlangan.
Birinchiholatdaasalarilardavarroatozkasalliginikakanalarўziқўzғatsa, ikkinchiholatda Varroa canalarivirusliyuқumlikasalliklarniasalarilargayuқishigasababbladi. [5]
TadқiқotchilarDomatskaya T.F. (1982), Piletskaya U.V. (1987), Smirnov A.M., vab.қ., (2000), Grobov O.F., Likhotin A.K. (2003), GushinaB. A., Zaitsev E.A. (2006) ta'kidlashichaasalarilarvarroatozkasalliginiboshkayukuumlikasalliklardanfarqishukiuasalarilaroilasi (Apis meilifera) rivozhlanishiningbarchastadiyalaridavayilninghammafasllaridauchrashibilanjudahavflidir.
ShuningdekMartin (2002), Venergelsdorp et.al., (2008), Conte et.al., (2010), Dahle, (2010), Gusman-Novoa et al., (2010, KlochkovaLugansky (2011) anishivaV.destructor
canalaritarkalishibilanbogliqkechadiganikkilamchivirus liinfection larasosiyomilbўlibkolmoqda [3].

RusolimlariKlochka, Voronkov (2009) malumotlaridabutunDunyomiqiyoshidaasalarilarniVarroakanalaribilanzarlanishibilanbogliқҳholdabirnechtaviruslikasalliklar:

kanotdeformation sivirusi, aralashnaslvirusi (sstamblervirusi) epizotikzharayonlarnmurakkablashtirib, asalarylarnobudbulishini March 2-3 tezlashtiradi.
Varroa canalarifaқatginaviruslarnitashuvchisibўlibkolmasdan (asalaricolonialariichidavacolonialararo)
ularzararlashioqibatidazaiflashganetukarilarvalichinkalaridaviruslarniriwishlanishiniyanadajadallashishigahamsababbuladi.
Asalarilardavarroatosisintensivligioshibilaninfectioncasalliklarrivozhlanishitezlashadi, chunkykanalarnitўғridan-tҞғғғғғғғғғуғғғқғқғҳҳҳҳҳҳулаҳа hashylymfasibilanoziқlanishibilanbogliқҳholdaarilarorganismmigaikkilamchiinfectionlarўtishiҳambirgaboradi.
BuSmirnovvaKudryavkov (1977), Gutseva, (1981), Ritter (1990), GrobovvaGutseva (1991), Brodsgaard et al., (2000), Calderone (1999) slanishigasababbulganianilangan [3].
Varroa gamazoid canaslarida jincian demorphism sesilarli darazada shackllangan. Varroa Jacobsoni Oudemans kanashi: tukhum, larva, protonymph, deutonymph va imoga rivozhlanish stadlarini ўtaydi.
Tukhumi ovalsimon, tinik rangsiz ok, kattaligi 0.60-0.67 / 0.3-0.4 mm yupka kobiqli bўlib ichida embryo kurinib turadi.
Embryogenesis 48 years ago. Dastlabki 24 soat ichida tukhum ichida kattaligi 0.5-0.5 mm bulgan olti oyokli larva khosil buladi va shundan keiin u protonymph stage siga utadi.
Urgochi kana protonymph stage and 3-4 kun davom etadi. Protonymph of kattaliga 0.6-0.8 mm bўlib, ranks ok, shaffof-sharsimon shaklda, tўrt zhuft oyogi bўladi.
Korin tomonida anal kalkon va rudiment of peritremalar rivozhlanadi. Oyoklari consimon (uchi қiskargan) bўlib, oқlari uchlarida zhoylashgan sўrgichlari yordamida asalarilar tanasiga yoki boshka zhismlarga yopishib turadi.
Erkak protonymph (kattaliga 0.62-0.74 / 0.58-0.69 mm) yumalok shaklda bўlib, uning rivozhlanishi 2-3 kun davom etadi. Anal kalkoni shakllana boshlaidi. Oyoklari va perilemfalari urgochi protonimfanikiga ukhshash buladi.
Urgochi protonimfanikiga (kattaligi 0.94-1.1 / 1.2-1.6 mm) tanasi yumalok, қўnғir rangli, kўkrak қalқoni қisman kҞrinadi. Erkak protonymph urgochi protonymphaga nisbatan kўproқ yumaloқ bўlib, kattaligi 0.74-0.88 / 0.71-0.8 mm, kўkimtir–ok rangda bўladi
Bu stadialar rivozhlanishi 1-2 kun davom etadi Voyaga etgan urgochi kananing krabsimon tanasi uzunligi 1.1 mm, kengligi (eni) 1.6 mm, қizil-қўnғir rangda bўladi.
Tanasi tashqi tomonda harakat qilish va hzhayin tanasiga yopishib turish uchun kattiq shohlangan kuchli chitin bilan qoplangan qilchalari buladi.
Urgochi kana oғiz apparatusi sanchuvchi - sўruvchi tipda bўlib, odatda tanashi ostida yashiringan buladi. Oyoklari kiska va kuchli, sўrgichli bўlib, tirnoqlari zaif rivozhlangan. The parasite hayot kechirish tarzi urgochi kanalarda ўziga hos morphological belgilarni shakllantirgan va ular kuyidagi hususiyatlarga ega.
Jumladan, tanning ўziga hos shaklda ҳalkasimon bҞlishi, asalarilar korin qismi bҞғimlari orasiga mustakam yopishib turishini ta’minlaidi va kanalar asalarilar tanasida erkin ҳrakat қila oladi.
Erkak kana tanasi (uzunligi 0.8 mm, eni 0.7 mm) urgochi canadan biroz kichik bўlib, ok rank, yumalok shaklda bўladi.
Erkak kana faqat asalarilar oilasi uyashida yopik katakchalardagi asalarilar naslida yashaidi
Kana hayotida aniq ikkita boskich mavzhud: kўpayish boskichida asalari uyalarining yopilgan kataklaridagi naslida rivozhlanadi va ўtish boschichida urgochi kana katta yoshdagi asalarilarga epishib.
Urgochi kanani uruglanishi asalarilar oilasi kataklarida ishchi yoki truten arilar avlodida (nasli) yuz beradi. Uruglanish ishchi arilar larvae 8-10 kn, trutenlarda 8-9 kunlar sodir buladi va uruglangan urgochi kana katakchalar tubiga, ostidaga larva ozuka zahirasiga tushadi va tinim holatiga (uykuga) ketadi [5].
Uzbekistondahamasalarioilalaridaasalarylarrivozhlanishining (metamorphosining) barchabosқichlarida parasitic likқiluvchiVarroagamazoidcanalarikeltiribchiқaruvchivarroatozkasalligesezilarlidarazhadauchramoқda
Uzbekiston Sharoitida Varroa Gamazoid Canalari Bioecology and Urganilmagan.
Varroatosis қўғATADIGAN Varroa avlodi kanalari turlar tarkibi, bioecologysi, tarkalishini ўrganish issiқ iқlim sharoitida ularga қarshi kurashning innovation prevention chora – tadbirlarini ishlab chikish dolzarb muammo bўlib kolmoқda.

(7,8-rasmlar)