The renaissance analzye the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the italian renaissance

Rise in capitalism led by bourgeoisie

Banking

• Fuggers in Germany
• Medicis in Italy
• Antwerp (16th Century)
• Amsterdam (17th Century)

• Hanseatic League

• German states that controlled trade

• Joint-Stock Companies

• Investors pooled resources for common purpose
• Virginia

• New Industries and Goods

• Textiles, Mining, Printing, Shipbuilding, Weapons
• Sugar (most expensive), rice and tea

• Mercantilism

• Nations sought self-sufficiency
• Export more than import
• Bullionism – Acquire Gold
• Trade’s goal was keep gold from going to competing company

PRICE REVOLUTION

• The emergence of nation states led to taxation

• Exploration created empires

• Prices rose gradually in the 16th century

• More population demanded more goods which increased prices

• Influx of gold for the New World

• Inflation

• Bourgeoisie

LIFE IN 16th & 17th CENTURIES

• Countryside

• Lords/Nobles at the top
• Peasants owned land
• Landless workers

• Towns

• Bourgeoisie were the wealthiest
• Skilled craftsman belonged to guilds
• Low-skilled jobs for low wages

THE FAMILY

• Nuclear

• Age of marriage higher (economics)

• Dowries
• Permission needed

• Children

• Average number of kids 6
• Post 1750 an increase in illegitimate births

• Women

• Marriage was an escaped from hard life of work

Child Care

• Child Care

• Poor women breast fed
• Wealthier women used wet nurses
• Foundling Hospitals
• Spare the rod and spoil the child
• Girls were sent to the city

• Education

• Elementary education for boys and girls
• Religious instruction
• Prussia had compulsory education

Life Expectancy

• Life Expectancy

• Increase from 25-35
• No plague
• Sanitation
• Vaccinations
• Clothing
• Better food
• Potato
• Meat, fish and alcohol

• Medical

• Smallpox
• Edward Jenner

WITCH HUNTS

• Belief in Magic

• Church

• Women

• Scientific Revolution

• Medicine

• Trials

• Reformation

PROTESTANT REFORMATION

CAUSES

• Crisis in the Church

• Babylonian Captivity
• Great Schism
• Concilliar Movement
• Give Church Councils more power than Pope (Rejected)

• Corruption in the Church

• Simony
• Pluralism
• Absenteeism
• Nepotism
• Sale of Indulgences

Moral decline

• Moral decline
• Pope Alexander VI
• 20% of priests had concubines
• Clerical Ignorance

• John Wyclif

• Bible, Personal Communion & fewer sacraments
• Lollards
• John Hus

• Thomas a Kempis

• Brethren of the Common Life
• Live a simple life and make religion personal

• Erasmus

• In Praise of Folly
• Criticized corruption in the church and hypocrisy

• Renaissance Humanism

• Criticized Church and validity of the Vulgate
• Emphasized secularism and individualism, not religion

MARTIN LUTHER

• Johann Tetzel

• Authorized to sale indulgences by Pope Leo X (St. Peter’s)

• 95 Theses

• Wittenberg
• Criticized the sale of indulgences

• Debate with Johann Ecks

• Denied infallibility of the pope and Church councils

• Theology of Reform

• Salvation by Faith alone
• Bible is sole authority
• Only 2 sacraments
• Priesthood of all believers
• Encouraged German princes to reform the church
• Rejected celibacy (Marriage)

Diet of Worms

• Diet of Worms

• Charles V demands Luther recant
• “Here I stand”
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