The renaissance analzye the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the italian renaissance

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Plombieres

Plombieres

Napoleon III promise to support Sardinia in war against Austria

Unification

Sardinia wins taking Northern Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi

The Red Shirts liberated southern Italy and Sicily

The Boot

Garibaldi agreed to let his conquests be absorbed by King Victor Emmanuel II who had supported him

Venice

Italy helps Prussia with Austrians

Rome

France pulled it’s troops because of war with Prussia

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

The Hungarians and Czechs demanded self-government
Ausgleich

Creation of a Dual Monarchy (Austria-Hungary)
Hungary had self-government but loyal to Franz Jospeh

Language

German was a problem since only 25% of the empire was German

Anti-Semitism

GREAT BRITAIN

Political re-alignment

Tory Party becomes Conservative Party
Whig Party becomes Liberal Party

Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative)

Aggressive Foreign Policy (Big England)
Expansion of British Empire
Reform Bill of 1867

Expanded Reform Bill of 1832
More equitable representation
Industrial cities gained seats from rural areas (rotten boroughs)
Right to vote for men over 21
Doubled the number of voters

Reduced government regulation of trade unions

William Gladstone (Liberal)

William Gladstone (Liberal)

Irish Home Rule
Opposed imperialism
Abolished taxes supporting Anglican Church for Catholics
Australian Ballot (secret)
Civil Service Reform

Fabian Society

Revisionist Marxism
Wanted Economic Socialism wtih Political Democracy

Parliament Act of 1911

Liberal Party
Eliminated powers of the House of Lords
House of Commons center of power

Social Welfare State prior to WW I

Social Welfare State prior to WW I

Right of unions to strike
Workers Compensation
Unemployment insurance
Old-Age pensions
Compulsory school attendance
Tax increase on the wealthy to pay for social welfare state

Representation of People Act (1918)

Suffrage for Women over age 30
World War I

THE EASTERN QUESTION

Balkans
Ottomans “Sick Man of Europe”
Austrians, Russians and Serbians
Powder Keg of Europe
Pan-Slavism

RUSSIA

Alexander II

Believed serfdom held back Russia’s modernization
90% of Russians worked in agriculture
Serfs could be bought and sold
Serfs could be conscripted into the military

Emancipation Act (1861)

Abolished serfdom
Lived in mirs

Mirs

Regulated communes
Collective ownerships delayed agricultural improvments

Zemstvos

Assemblies that administrated local areas

Count S. Y. Witte

Count S. Y. Witte

Oversaw Russian industrialization
Steel and Oil
Industrialization stimulated by RR construction
Trans-Siberian RR
Industrialization led to industrial suburbs

Alexander III

Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Russification
Encouraged anti-Semitism (Pogroms)

Zionism

Theodore Herzl
Jewish homeland in the Holy Lands

WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

BRITAIN

Wanted better divorce laws
Women’s suffrage to improve exploitation and abuse
Millicent Garrett Fawcett demanded female suffrage
Emmeline Pankhurst was militant suffragette destroying RR stations, works of art and store windows
Hunger strikes
Representation of the People Act (1918)
Reform Act of 1928

Suffrage for WOMEN over 21, yea baby

SCANDINAVIA

First grant Women’s Suffrage

Finland 1906
Norway 1913

IMPERIALISM

CAUSES

CHINA, JAPAN & EGYPT

NEW IMPERIALISM

CRITICS

WORLD WAR I

CAUSES

WESTERN FRONT

EASTERN FRONT

MOBILIZATION FOR TOTAL WAR

FOURTEEN POINTS

REVOLUTIONS IN GERMANY AND AUSTRIA

PEACE SETTLEMENTS

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

1905

WORLD WAR I

FEBRUARY REVOLUTION

OCTOBER REVOLUTION

TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK

RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR

WOMEN

RESULTS

INTERWAR YEARS

MODERN PHILOSOPHY

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900):

a. One of the most important critics of the rationalism of the Enlightenment
b. In Thus Spake Zarathustra (1883-85), he blasted religion and famously claimed "God is Dead"
· Claimed Christianity embodied a “slave morality,” which glorified weakness, envy, and mediocrity.
· Individualism had been quashed by society.
c. In Will to Power (1888) he wrote that only the creativity of a few supermen—übermenschen—could successfully reorder the world.
d. Though not widely read by his contemporaries, his writings seemed relevant in the atmosphere of post-World War I pessimism

Existentialism took root in Continental countries after World War II.

Existentialism took root in Continental countries after World War II.

a. In the wake of the horrors of World War II and the advent of the atomic age, pessimism and hopelessness were expressed by existentialists.
b. Existentialists saw life as absurd, with no inherent meaning.
c. Viewed a world where the individual had to find his own meaning
d. Most existentialists were atheists
e. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980): Wrote that life had no meaning and that humans simply exist

· He was strongly attracted to communism

f. Albert Camus (1913-1960)

f. Albert Camus (1913-1960)

· Individuals had to find meaning to life by taking action against those things with which they disagree.
· Ones actions are derived from personal choices that are independent from religion or political ideology.

g. Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers were also prominent existentialists.

FREUD

Freudian psychology was first developed in the late 1880s by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

a. Traditional psychology assumed a single, unified conscious mind processed sensory experiences in a rational and logical way.
b. Freudian psychology seemed to reflect the spirit of the early 20th century, with its emphasis on humans as greedy irrational creatures.
c. Became an international movement by 1910 and received popular attention after 1918, especially in Protestant countries of Northern Europe and the U.S.

d. Freud asserted that because the human unconscious (ID) is driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires, humans are therefore NOT rational! The ID battles the Ego & Superego

d. Freud asserted that because the human unconscious (ID) is driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires, humans are therefore NOT rational! The ID battles the Ego & Superego

· Ego: Rationalizing conscious mediates what a person can do.
· Superego: Ingrained moral values specify what a person should do.
· Shattered the enlightenment view of rationality and progress.

e. Freud agreed with Nietzsche that mechanisms of rational thinking and traditional morals values can be too strong on the human psyche

e. Freud agreed with Nietzsche that mechanisms of rational thinking and traditional morals values can be too strong on the human psyche

· They can repress sexual desires too effectively, crippling individuals and entire peoples with guilt and neurotic fears
· Many opponents and some enthusiasts interpreted Freud as saying that the first requirement for mental health is an uninhibited sex life
· After WWI, the popular interpretation of Freud reflected and encouraged growing sexual experimentation, particularly among middleclass women.