The renaissance analzye the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the italian renaissance

Grimm’s Fairy Tales

• Collection of German folk stories
• German nationalism and romanticism are tied together

ART

• Eugene Delacroix

• Liberty Leading the People

• JMW Turner

• The power of nature and man’s attempt to survive its force

MUSIC

• Beethoven

• Schubert

• Chopin (Polish)

• Verdi

• Richard Wagner

• Music-Drama
• German nationalist

• Peter Tchaikovsky

• The Nutcracker and Swan Lake
• 1812 Overture

2nd INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• ROSE

• R
• O
• S
• E

• Bessemer Process = Steel

• Science and Technology become linked together

• 1890s Germany most powerful industrial nation

• Workers were attracted to the cities

URBANIZATION

• 1891 = 50% of the Europe’s population

• Decline in mortality rates

• Better nutrition, medical knowledge and housing

• Number of children dropped

• Edwin Chadwick = Sanitation

• Georges von Haussmann redeveloped Paris

• Wider boulevards
• Middle class housing in the suburbs
• Parks and open spaces

• Electric streetcar

• Suburbs
• Subways

Jews in eastern Europe fled to the West to escape persecution

• Jews in eastern Europe fled to the West to escape persecution

• Increase in the standard of living

• Experts with specialized knowledge needed to be professionals and managers

• Petite Bourgeoisie = Lower middle class

• Women worked as secretaries, hello girls and nurses

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

• 15-20% of Western Europe were Middle Class

• 2% in Eastern Europe

• The petite bourgeoisie were the lower middle class that included shopkeepers, civil servants, teachers, craftsmen

• Middle Class were liberals who wanted protection of property in a constitution

• Middle Class emphasized respectability is based on financial success

• The middle class saw the family as the foundation of social order and that education, religion and Nationalism are extremely important

Working class totaled about 80% or more of the population

• Working class totaled about 80% or more of the population

• Many were peasants or hired hands

• The labor aristocracy were the skilled workers

• The unskilled workers or domestic servants were at the bottom of society

• Children comprised about 14% of the workers

FAMILY

• Romantic love #1 reason for marriage by 1850

• Improved standard of living made it possible to marry at a younger age

• Middle class females were monitored closed (chastity) not so much for the boys

• The high rate of illegitimacy declined after 1850

• After 1850 the work of most wives was distinct and separate from their husbands work

• Husbands were primary wage earners
• Wives = Cult of Domesticity
• Wives disliked 2nd class status

• Parents became more emotionally involved with their children’s lives as mortality rates drop

Mothers breast fed their children

• Mothers breast fed their children

• Fewer children abandoned to foundling hospitals

• Middle Class decreased the # of children

• Parents of Middle class children wanted to improve the economic and social condition of their children

• Working class children went to work at adolescences = less emotional ties to family

INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENTS

Belle Epoque

• Life at the end of the century (fin de siecle)

• People enjoyed higher wages and lower food prices

• Increased leisure time with increased money to spend

• Sports

• Soccer
• Rugby
• Bicycle
• Auto Races
• Golf

• Women took part in bicycling and sports clubs

• Social Darwinists said sports competition confirmed the superiority of certain races

Cafés and taverns enjoyed increased patronage

• Cafés and taverns enjoyed increased patronage

• Department stores grew significantly

• New inventions changed society

• Telephone
• Automobile
• Gramophone
• Radio
• Motion pictures
• Telegraph

• By 1900 England and France (Ferry Laws) required school attendance to age 13 and education was free

Literacy rates increased

• Literacy rates increased

• Men higher than women
• Urbanites more than rural
• Northern/Western higher than Southern/Eastern
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