The renaissance analzye the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the italian renaissance

NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS

• Ignatius Loyola

• Organized Jesuits in military fashion
• Spiritual Exercises was guidebook for Jesuits

• Jesuits

• Reform the Church through education
• Spread the Gospel to pagans
• Fight Protestantism

• Inquisitions

• Persecution of Spanish Jews and Moors
• Accused Jews of killing Christ

• Catholic Reformation brought Southern Germany and Easter Europe back to the faith

• Jesuit schools best in Europe

BAROQUE ART

• Demonstrates the glory and power of the Catholic Church

• Emotionalism and Color

• Emphasized grandeur, emotion and unity surrounding a certain theme

• Bernini

• Architecture and Sculpture
• The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

• Carvaggio

• Highly emotional
• Biblical scenes

• Peter Paul Reubens

• Christian subjects, Roman goddesses and nudes

RELIGIOUS WARS

• 1559 - 1648

PHILIP II

• Escorial

• Wanted to re-impose Catholicism
• Palace to symbolize his commitment to Catholicism

• Battle of Lepanto

• War against the Turks
• Defeated Turkish navy
• Ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean

• The Dutch Revolt (Netherlands)

• William I led 17 provinces against Spanish Inquisition
• United Provinces of the Netherlands formed was blow to Philip II
• Spanish Netherlands remained Catholic
• Amsterdam becomes commercial capital of the world

SPAIN VS. ENGLAND

• Queen Mary Tudor tried to re-impose Catholicism in England

• Queen Elizabeth I reversed Mary’s decisions with the Elizabethan Settlement

• Elizabeth help the Protestant Netherlands

• Spain wanted revenge for the Dutch Revolt and Mary Stuart

• Spanish Armada

• Spanish navy destroyed
• England becomes the world’s naval power
• Spain declines

FRENCH CIVIL WARS

• Catherine de Medicis dominated

• Nobles became Huguenots

• France was devided

• Bourbons = Huguenots
• Guise = Ultra-Catholic
• Valois = Catholic ruling family

• St. Bartholomew Day Massacre (1572)

• Marriage between Valois princess and leader of Huguenots (Henry of Navarre)
• Catherine de Medici orders the massacre of the Calvinists

War of the Three Henry’s

• War of the Three Henry’s

• Civil War among the 3 groups

• Henry IV (Henry Navarre)

• Ended the War of the Three Henry’s
• Politique
• “Paris is worth a Mass”

• Edict of Nantes

• Religious toleration granted to Huguenots
• Private worship allowed
• Allowed access to education and jobs
• Huguenots kept 200 fortified towns creating a state within a state

THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618 - 1648

• Defenestration of Prague

• Triggers war 1st phase of war in Bohemia
• Restrictions placed on Protestants

• Edict of Restitution

• Declaration by HRE that all church territory was to restored to Catholic Church repealing the Peace of Augsburg

• Gustavus Adolphus

• Swedish King pushed Catholic forces back to Bohemia
• Ended Hapsburgs dream of reuniting Germany as Catholic

• Cardinal Richelieu

• In the 4th phase Richelieu allies France (C) with the Protestant forces to defeat the Hapsburgs (C)
• This was a political decision, not religious
• Wanted to weaken the Hapsburg Empire

Treaty of Westphalia

• Treaty of Westphalia

• Ended 30 Years War
• Renewal of Peace of Augsburg adding Calvinism
• Netherlands and Switzerland gains independence
• 300+ German states gain sovereignty
• France and Brandenburg (Prussia) gain territory
• The Hapsburgs are divided: Spain and Austria

• Results

• Germany physically devastated
• Germany remains divided politically and religiously
• Ended religious wars
• France becomes dominant power

AGE OF ABSOLUTISM

PHILOSOPHY

• Jean Bodin

• Only Absolutism could provide order and force

• Thomas Hobbes

• Humans are poor, nasty and brutish
• Favored Enlightened despots

• Bishop Jacques Bossuet

• Advocated Divine Rights of Kings
• Believed King was placed on the throne by God

FRANCE

• France was divided into three Estates

• 1st Estate = Clergy
• 2nd Estate = Nobles
• 3rd Estate = Bourgeoisie, Urban workers & peasants (95%)

• Hierarchy was based on rank and privilege

• Agrarian

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