Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer
177 genres are particular subtheories which may offer specific, and therefore more practice-oriented, solutions for a limited number of texts and text functions. Genre conventions are also taken into consideration where simple prag- matic genres are embedded in complex genres, as in the following example. (1) Luke passed over the paper, his finger pressed against an entry in the column of deaths. Humbleby. – On June 13, suddenly at his residence, Sandgate, Wychwood-under-Ashe, JOHN EDWARD HUMBLEBY, M. D., beloved husband of JESSIE ROSE HUMBLEBY. Funeral Friday. No flowers, by request. (A. Christie, Murder is Easy, 1980a: 18) (1a) Luke reichte ihm die Zeitung und wies auf eine Notiz unter Todesfällen. Humbleby. Am 13. Mai starb plötzlich in seinem Wohnsitz, Sandgate, Wychwood a. d. Ashe, John Edward Humbleby, unvergeßlicher Gatte von Jessie Rose Humbleby, Begräbnis Freitag. Kranzspenden dankend abgelehnt. (A. Christie, Das Sterben in Wych wood, anonymous translator, 1980b: 4) This (rather literal) translation offers a curious mixture of English and Ger- man genre conventions for obituaries. As German newspapers do not usually publish obituaries as classified adverts with running text in columns under the heading ‘Deaths’, the translator opted for Notiz, or ‘notice’, instead of Nachruf, or ‘obituary’, (a translation that indicates a different genre), adding the verb form starb (‘died’), which is not found in conventional English ob- ituaries. The translation does not take into account that, in German obituaries, the name of the widow would not be relegated to an appositional clause and that the literal translation of no flowers, by request is almost unheard of in German obituaries, to name but two instances. This produces a text which is rather strange but which clearly does not bother the German reader too much because it is embedded in a novel set in England. Whether translation critics would accept this compromise in their assessment of equivalence in a transla- tion which on the whole can definitely be assigned to the communicative type is a different kettle of fish. The amount of target-culture conventions observed in this translation seems sufficient to fulfil their function as identifying features and as guiding signals for text comprehension, although the expectations with regard to a particular linguistic configuration triggered by the reference to an obituary are largely disappointed. b) Genre conventions and equivalence standards In their three-fold function, genre conventions may also serve as a frame of reference in the choice of strategies for the translation of individual text seg- ments. We shall return to some examples mentioned earlier. Genre theory 178 (2) He was a good citizen and a gentleman who always kept himself in shape until he was run over by a car. (From a funeral eulogy, 11.4.3.) In the genre ‘funeral eulogy’, the expression who kept himself in shape is un- derstood in its figurative sense because nobody would assume that the author had the intention of producing a bad pun under such grave circumstances. Guided by genre conventions, the translator would, in a target language that does not have homophone equivalents for the two meanings of the expression, choose an equivalent for the figurative meaning, in Spanish perhaps cuidar su apariencia (literally: ‘to take care of one’s appearance’). If the same passage occurred in a joke, however, the translator would have to find an ambiguous equivalent because otherwise the text would fail to achieve the communicative function of a joke. In Spanish, this could be mantenerse en forma. (3) One doesn’t miss what one has never had; but it’s awfully hard going without things after one has commenced thinking they are his- hers (the English language needs another pronoun) by natural right. ( Example 7, 10.8.1.) This example from an English novel for young adults was discussed above from the point of view of equivalence because, in both German translations of the passage, the reference to the English pronouns was omitted. Despite this omission, we regarded the translations of the whole passage as equivalent, as the metalinguistic comment, which made sense in the English original, had no communicative value in this genre (‘young-adult literature’ primarily intended for entertainment). In spite of this decision based on genre, we still maintain our claim (sup- ported by considerations related to the text type) that the function of this text element is relevant in the framework of the expressive text type because it is intended to implicitly emphasize the linguistic wittiness and sensitivity of the letter writer, and that it should therefore be compensated for by an ‘equivalence shift’ somewhere else in the text. This same text reference to English pronouns could not be omitted in another genre. If it had been used in a linguistic study as an example of the differences in pronominal structures between English and German, it would have to appear in the target text, either in translation or in the form of a meta- linguistic comment. In a novel, the metalinguistic information may be ignored without endangering textual equivalence, but not in a scholarly text expected to convey (linguistic) information. Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 179 (4) si yo digo que ‘el sol sale por Oriente’ lo que mis palabras […] …] propiamente dicen es que un ente de sexo varonil y capaz de actos espontáneos – lo llamado ‘sol’ – ejecuta la acción de ‘salir’… (( Example 18, 10.13.) For a translation into German, this passage from Ortega y Gasset’s famous essay raises the problem that the Spanish word sol (‘sun’) is masculine in gender, whereas the German equivalent Sonne is feminine. When the transla- tor of Ortega y Gasset’s essay suggested a communicative translation based on the German equivalent of the sun [is] a creature of the female sex at a symposium of translation scholars, there was a storm of protest from all the classical philologists present, for whom the idea of the sun as a male figure was a crucial part of ancient mythology. However, the compromise they proposed (the sun is, in Spanish, a male creature) does not hold water in a translational analysis. In a translation of the communicative (and not of the philological) type, the function of this passage for the text as a whole and in line with genre conventions is of critical importance for the translator. The German translation is designed for a German-speaking reader (particularly for one who does not know Spanish). This is an obvious observation which, however, disqualifies the compromise solution. As the passage serves as an example of the linguistic anachronisms present in all languages, the readers will be puzzled, asking themselves why the example has been taken from Spanish although it does not apply to German. With regard to the translator’s decision to turn the sun into a female being and treat it accordingly in the rest of the text, it is the textual function of the example that counts, all the more so as the genre ‘essay’, unlike the genre ‘scholarly paper’, does not permit footnotes. What is relevant for the linguistic example is not whether the sun is male or female but that it is presented as a living creature. If a similar passage were to appear in another genre, the decision would have to be different. As mentioned above, in a scholarly paper it would be possible to retain the wording of the Spanish text, adding a footnote with an explanation; and the German translator of a saga of heroes and gods might translate el sol by ‘der Sonnengott’ ( der Sonnengott’ ( ’ (the sun god, masculine gender), thus avoiding the pitfalls of the Spanish-German structural divergences. There is another cultural point to be made in this example. In the Greco- Roman tradition of the West, grammatical gender is usually identified with the sex of a being: masculine = male, feminine = female. If we take a closer look, we easily discover that this identification does not work, nor has it ever been correct in historical terms. Why is it possible, then, that a German masculine noun like der Dienstbote (‘servant’) often refers to a female person, or what is so female about die Hand or la mano (‘hand’)? |
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