Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Download 1.78 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
– Kontrastierung – Translation, Tübingen: Narr. ( (Translator’s note)
Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 173 translator training is geared today towards professional activities in the fields of international economic, political, scientific and diplomatic exchange of information; secondly, pragmatic texts seem to be far more standardized with regard to conventions than literary texts and, thirdly, it is mainly in the area of pragmatic texts where ‘communicative translation’ ( 10.5.2.) is the more usual variety, i.e. a translation which is not only adapted to the rules and norms of the target-language system but also to the more or less regulated patterns of functional styles. An important exception is the ‘documentary’ translation of texts, which is guided by different translational norms (cf. House [1977]1981: 202-04). b) Translation comparison or paralleltext analysis? For this kind of study, it is important to consider whether analysts should draw on a comparison of source and target texts (cf. Thiel 1980, Thome 1980) or on an analysis of parallel texts 82 (cf. Hartmann 1980, Reiß [1977]78, Spillner 1981). If a translation comparison is preferred, the analyst should make sure that only high-quality translations are included in the corpus. The quality would have to be checked beforehand as officially recognized and certified translations are not available for comparison in every case as in Thiel (1980). You only have to think of the plethora of ‘multilingual’ operating instructions, product descriptions and the translations of travel guides or tourist brochures which make the ‘native speaker’s’ hair stand on end. For example: the following text is taken from an authentic tourist brochure published by the French town of Quimper, Brittany: QUIMPER, sourire de la Bretagne proclament les lettres postées dans notre ville. Il est difficile de définir aussi justement et en aussi peu de mots, ce que caractérise la Capitale de La Cornouaille […] The German translation is almost interlinear: Quimper, ‘das Lächeln von der Bretagne’ ist die Briefmarke von un- serer Stadt. Das ist schwer, eine Stadt zu bestimmen, besonders das kapital von der Cornouaille […]. (Literally: Quimper, the smile of Brittany is the postage stamp of 82 It should be noted that the concept of parallel text, as it is used here, refers to authentic, non-translated texts belonging to the same genre, produced independently in each of the two cultures, and does not, as in corpus-based translation studies, refer to texts and their translations, which is rather referred to as a ‘translation comparison’. This concept of par allel text has been used in German translation studies (particularly in translator training) since Hartmann (1980, in English) and Spillner (1981, in German) coined the term in what they called contrastive textology, i.e. long before corpus-based translation studies decided to use the term parallel corpus for a corpus of translated texts. ((Translator’s note) Genre theory 174 our city. It is difficult to define a city, particularly the assets of the Cornouaille.) The translator did not even follow the convention that a text should be comprehensible. But even when the translations are carefully chosen, there is always a risk that they may show traces of being influenced by harmonizing tendencies or interferences from the conventions used in the respective source language and culture communities. Of course, this risk is higher in the case of genres determined by the individual style preferences of their authors, such as es- says, editorials, newspaper reports or interviews, which Belke (1973) assigns to the class of “literary non-fiction”. Here, the translator may be tempted to reproduce the author’s personal style in the target language, perhaps even mis- taking conventional expressions from the source culture for a specific feature of the source text. This temptation will probably not be as strong in highly conventionalized genres, at least not for experienced translators. Such phenomena may not be regarded as hampering communication in literary works of art (some translation scholars dealing with literary transla- tion, like Toury 1980b, even demand that translators should be trained to be “non-conformists”) because the violation of traditional translation norms, including the non-observance of genre conventions, may even have an in- novating impact. In translations of pragmatic texts, however, such violations are often annoying and may even interfere with successful communication ( example 16, 10.13.). This problem would be avoided by a comparison of parallel texts. In this context, Hartmann (1980: 37-39) distinguishes between three types of parallel text: (1) translations as “the result of a full-scale professional translation arrived at by conscious approximation processes in which the original message of the source-language text becomes a target-language text that is ap- propriate for the situation”. He adds, however: “Whether translation conventions differ from one language or culture to another has to be systematically explored”. And he also mentions that “the target-language text is the result of a directional process”. This is not in line with a nar- row concept of ‘parallel texts’; (2) parallel texts as the “result of a deliberate adaptation of a message in the respective conventions of two languages for the purpose of conveying an identical message to recipients of sometimes very different cultural background”; (3) parallel texts which originated in different cultures in similar communi- cative situations. Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 175 Our use of the term ‘parallel text’ here only includes texts of the second and third type. Spillner (1981: 242-43) offers a feasible methodology for the contras- tive analysis of parallel texts, which, like Hartmann, he regards as part of a “contrastive textology”, as this kind of study has to transcend an analysis of text-linguistic features “in the strict sense”. Such methodologies should be taken up by translation studies because “a comparison of the written rules of textualization codified in different countries can provide interesting clues indicating which genre conventions should be expected” (Spillner 1981: 241). These, in turn, have an immediate impact on translational decisions, as we shall attempt to show with a few examples in the last section of this chapter. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2025
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling