Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Change of text type in translation
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
12.7.2 Change of text type in translation
It is by no means an a priori rule that the target text must, can or should have the same communicative function as the source text. We have illustrated this 90 The Italian aria La donna è mobile / Qual piuma al vento … has been translated into Ger man by O wie so trügerisch / Sind Weiberherzen … The English translation of the first two The English translation of the first two lines would not work as a source for this allusion because the reference to the woman’s heart has been shifted to the end of the stanza: Plume in the summerwind / Waywardly playing […] Thus heart of womankind / Ev’ry way bendeth. (Translator’s note) Text type and translation 190 claim by distinguishing between several translation types ( 10.5.), which may be determined by historical translation norms differing from those of a communicative translation or by the function of the target text or any of its parts having been intentionally changed in order to produce a target text ap propriate for a specific purpose or use. In such cases, the choice of adequate translation procedures depends, among other things, on the function the target text is intended to achieve. The following example is from the speech Pompidou gave after the death of General de Gaulle. It was broadcast all over the French media and presents all the features of a classical, rhetorically organized funeral address (expres sive text type). We base our analysis on Paepcke (1974), although we do not agree with all his arguments concerning the translation. This speech contained This speech contained the following line: (9) Le général de Gaulle est mort. La France est veuve. (Literally: General de Gaulle is dead. France is a widow.) How this line is translated depends on the translation type: if the purpose is to translate the entire text in its function as a funeral address characterized by an aesthetic organization (expressive text type), the adequate translation type would be a communicative translation; if the purpose is to inform the target audience about the words used by the French author to formulate this text (ex pressive text type), a philological translation would be the appropriate type. (9a) General de Gaulle ist tot. Frankreich ist Witwe. Frankreich ist Witwe. The German translation would provide the German reader with the desired information, including the metaphor used in the original to express the emo tional attachment and grief felt by France. However, a German reader who is not familiar with the fact that La France has a feminine gender (contrary to Frankreich which like all German names of countries is neuter in gender) may find the female personification (Witwe, ‘widow’) inappropriate or even ridiculous, which would destroy the rhetorical effect. (9b) General de Gaulle ist tot. Frankreich ist verwaist. Frankreich ist verwaist. (Literally: General de Gaulle is dead. France is orphaned.) Now the image is coherent. A content element has been replaced by another one, but the function of referring to France’s grief at having lost a dear relative is retained, although through the use of a different image. It should have become clear that the eternal question of how ‘free’ or how ‘faithful’ a translation can, must or should be, to which translation scholars Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 191 often respond by quoting the rather vague motto ‘as literal as possible but as free as necessary’, can be answered in a more precise way. It depends not only on the genre but also on the text type to which the source text can be assigned and on the purpose which the translation is intended to achieve in the communicative event. |
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