Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
12.5 Identifying signals
In their pretranslational sourcetext analysis, translators may find some se mantic and pragmatic guidelines for the classification of the text type, while their world knowledge and text experience may provide additional help. For example, “presignals” (Große 1976: 20) like titles or genre specifications can facilitate their analysis. A law informs – without any aesthetic organization or persuasive devices – about facts the recipient has to take notice of and consider in order to avoid sanctions. A contract informs about the state of particular circumstances and about the duties and rights of the partners who are using this text to fix the terms of their agreement in writing. Both texts can only be classified as belonging to the informative type. However, if a text is referred to as a novel or as a sonnet, we can expect it to follow the tradition which of fers aesthetically organized content; it is therefore categorized as text of the 86 The original quotes a similar German mnemotechnical verse which refers to French pronunciation and spelling: “C vor o und u und a spricht man immer wie ein k; soll es wie ein c erklingen, lässt man die Cedille springen.” (Translator’s note) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 185 expressive type. “Metapropositional expressions” (Große 1976: 22) can make the typo logical classification of texts easier because they are often conventional, particularly in genres where everybody is familiar with their communicative function. In the name of the People is a typical introduction for a verdict pro nounced in court; By virtue of this deed I grant introduces a general power of attorney, etc. ( 11.4.1.). What is particularly important, however, is the language and style used in a text. A high frequency of evaluative words and phrases (which are either positive with regard to the addressers, or to the cause to which they have committed themselves, or negative with regard to any obstacle to their commitment), the particular frequency of certain rhe torical devices (e.g. anaphora, alliteration, antithesis, parallelism, hyperbole, leading questions) may point to a text of the operative type. The “feature that individual speech elements can point beyond themselves to the meaning of the whole” (cf. Große 1976: 1127), as well as all the phenomena related to the “principle of linkage” (e.g. rhymes, metaphorical fields, leitmotifs, recurrent lexical and syntactic devices, or rhythm) may lead us to the conclusion that the text belongs to the expressive type. Some of the linguistic features mentioned so far are shared by both the expressive and the operative text types, but having pragmatic knowledge of the communicative use of the text may still make it possible for us to determine the function of the respective text elements. (2) Sea, sun, sand, seclusion – and Spain. (From a hotel advertisement) This is an advertising slogan, in which the dominant function of the allitera tion is not to achieve an aesthetic organization of the text but (as is typical for operative texts) to make the slogan catchy and to transfer positive associations (sea, sun … ) to the advertised product (Spain). (3) Now the news. Night raids on Five cities. Fires started. Pressure applied by pincer movement In threatening thrust. Third Division Enlarges beachhead. Lucky charm Saves sniper. Sabotage hinted In steelmill stoppage. […] (W. H. Auden, The Age of Anxiety, [1947]2011: 10 ) 87 87 The original quotes the poem “Nachtblume” by the Romantic poet Joseph von Eichendorff (17881857): Nacht ist wie ein stilles Meer / Lust und Leid und Liebesklagen / kommen so verworren her / in dem linden Wellenschlagen. English trans. by Emily Ezust: Night is like a quiet sea: / joy and sorrow and the laments of love / become tangled up / in the gentle throbbing of the waves. (http:// www.recmusic.org/lieder/get_text.html?Ttextld=5324, last accessed 01/02/2012) (Translator’s note) Text type and translation 186 In contrast, the alliterative verse W. H. Auden (19071973) uses in his poem is intended to symbolize the bombing he is describing so that the readers can virtually hear it themselves. It is thus one of the elements of the aesthetic organization of this expressive text. A translation of the two texts aiming at equivalence would have to focus on reproducing the positive associations in (2) and the symbolic potential in (3). If these characteristics are lacking or occur only as sporadic stylistic ele ments, the text would be categorized as belonging to the informative type. (4) We hold these truths to be selfevident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. (The Declaration of Independence, 1776) (5) It didn’t work as well as you’d expect, and now [Manchester] City are relying on Tevez once again to ‘freshen’ the squad and help it across the finishing line after recent stumbles have seen [Chelsea] United overtake them in the league. (From a football match report) (6) FROM RUSSIA WITH GLOVES. Chelsea played their first European away game for years. They won 42 on aggregate against Viktoria Zizkov. Russian goalkeeper Dmitri Kharine saved a crucial penalty. (From a football match report) Neither the tricolon in (4) nor the metaphors in (5) nor the pun in (6) turn these passages into a text of the expressive or operative type. They are only isolated elements of poetic language whose occurrence in texts of the informa tive type is due to stylistic reasons or to the genre. Match reports often use metaphorical or connotative language; national declarations use rhetorical figures and pathos, etc. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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