Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Epilogue
194 Some of the aspects mentioned above have been developed further in later publications as listed below. 91 Fundamental translation issues are discussed in Reiß (1988) and Reiß (1989). Combining the theory of translational action presented in this book with Justa Holz-Mänttäri’s theory of translatorial action, published almost sim- ultaneously (Holz-Mänttäri 1984), we might be able to set out a comprehensive theory as conceptualized in Vermeer (1990b), where a theory of the translation brief or commission complements the skopos theory. In the same study (i.e. Vermeer 1990b), the roles in translatorial action discussed by Holz-Mänttäri are further developed by a formula which relates the factors characterizing the actors in each case with each other. What is transmitted ‘from one mind to another’ and how is it transmitted? These are the questions dealt with in Vermeer and Witte (1990), where ‘scenes- and-frames’ theory is combined with ‘channel’ theory, drawing on Poyatos (1983). Both Hönig and Kußmaul (1982) and, later, Ammann (1990a) offer a practical introduction to the state of the art in skopos theory which addresses young trainee translators. Cultural aspects are discussed by Witte (1987) 92 and Löwe (1990). The following publications deal with particular aspects of translational action: Nord ([1988]2005) develops a model for pre-translational text analy- sis, Ammann (1990b) discusses a theory of translation criticism, drawing on Reiß’s seminal work in this area (Reiß [1971]2000). Reiß (1990) and Vermeer (1990a) discuss the ontological status of texts as seen from the producer’s standpoint and texts as seen from the recipient’s point of view and the rela- tionship between the two. Vermeer (1989) attempts to develop a distinction between surface and deep-structure translation which might be useful in machine translation (cf. also Vermeer 1988). With regard to technical translation, cf., above all, Peter A. Schmitt’s pub- lications, particularly Schmitt 1990 93 , to name but one out of many important studies. Kistner-Deppert (1988) and Hild-Thomas (1989) deal with culture-sensitive dictionaries. Löwe Löwe (1990) and Witte (1989) discuss the application of skopos theory in the translation classroom, which Nord ([1990-1991]2001) attempts 91 This list of publications was first included in the 1991 revised edition of the book. Ref- erences to later editions or English versions have been added in the bibliography where available. For an overview of recent developments in functional approaches to translation, cf. also Nord 2012. (Translator’s note) 92 In her doctoral dissertation, Witte elaborates her concept of the translator’s cultural com- petence and discusses how it can be trained: Witte, Heidrun (2000) Heidrun (2000) Die Kulturkompetenz des Translators. Begriffliche Grundlegung und Didaktisierung, Tübingen: Stauffenburg.. (Translator’s note). 93 In English, cf. P. A. Schmitt 1992. (Translator’s note) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 195 to put into practice in a student manual for Spanish-German translation. Am- mann and Vermeer (1990) demonstrate how skopos theory could be applied to the development of a syllabus for translator training. In this book, interpreting has perhaps not received the attention it deserves. Some studies dealing with this variant of translational action can be found in Albrecht 1990, Poyatos 1987, Salevsky 1990, Seleskovitch and Lederer 1989, among others. 94 With regard to the possibility of creating a new profession, the ‘cultural consultant’ as an expert on regional studies, cf. Löwe (1990) and others. 94 Franz Pöchhacker was the first to apply skopos theory to conference interpreting in his 1994 title Simultandolmetschen als komplexes Handeln (Tübingen: Narr). In English, Tübingen: Narr). In English, In English, cf. also Pöchhacker, F. (1995) ‘Simultaneous Interpreting: A Functionalist Perspective’, ‘Simultaneous Interpreting: A Functionalist Perspective’, Hermes. Journal of Linguistics 14: 31-53). ( ). (Translator’s note) |
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