Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
Epilogue
At the beginning of this book, we wrote that we were not planning to offer a complete theory of translational action but, rather, that we would offer parts of a theory in such a way that they can be completed and expanded on by specific partial theories at any moment in time. We have tried to pursue this aim. With hindsight, it has become clear to us that the theory must be developed and completed with regard to the following aspects (Vermeer 1983b): (1) The first question is why texts (and translations) are produced at all ( 3.8.) and how this should be done, taking into account each situation and in line with the intended skopos ( 4.). Seen from our present viewpoint, a theory of text production could best be developed as a specific action theory (cf., among others, Rehbein 1977, and Harras 1978; for an epistemological basis see Riedel 1978: 165-72). This theory of text production should be complemented by a contrastive culture theory (Vermeer 1977 and 1978; cf. Beneke 1979a, 1979b, 1983) which could study the culture-specific conditions of textualization. (2) This raises another closely related question: which skopoi can be achieved by a translation and under which conditions? Here we are faced with two subordinate problems. (2a) In many translations, we can assume that invariance of skopos (and function) will be the normal case. (Methodologically, however, we shall define invariance of skopos as a specific case, where the difference is ‘zero’, whereas change of skopos is the general case which is, therefore, the starting point for a general theory of translational action.) Invariance of skopos will be most frequently aimed at in the translation of pragmatic texts: operating instructions are usually translated as operating instructions. However, with regard to novels, we may have to make a distinction: light fiction will usually be translated as light fiction, but the skopos may change in that certain subfunctions may be different. One of the subfunctions has clearly been changed if, for example, sociocritical light fiction is translated as entertaining social criticism (e.g. Eça de Queirós’ O crime do Padre Amaro → Das Verbrechen des Paters Amaro in an East-German translation, cf. The Crime of Father Amaro in an English translation; cf. also the transformation of the English cockney social dialect in My Fair Lady into the regional dialect of Berlin in the German production). The change of function is less obvious when the target recipient reads a novel from another culture in order to learn about this culture: the interests guiding a French reader’s way of reading Queneau’s Zazie dans le metro will be different from that of an English recipient of Zazie in the metro (in his discussion of the German translation, Albrecht 1981 does not touch upon this point). We claim that this kind of change in skopos is the more Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 193 typical case in works like these. How far does it determine the translator’s strategies? (In the case of My Fair Lady the change in strategy is probably obvious.) Starting from the problems mentioned above, the question of skopos may be dealt with in relation to text typology and genre classification (cf. Reiß [1971]2000 and 1976a, 11. and 12.). (2b) Let us assume that a marketing agency commissions the transla- tion of an advertising leaflet in order to use it for the promotion of a product. In order to optimize the advertising skopos (‘operative text type’, according to Reiß), the translator may have to reformulate the source text from scratch. The skopos is different when a company wishes to use an advertising leaflet in order to gain information about the products of a subcontractor. In this case, it is still an advertising leaflet that is translated, but the goal here is to gain as much information as possible (“informative text type”, according to Reiß). Thus, putting it in a different way, the leaflet is converted into a ‘document’ and any radical revision of it is ruled out. The translation strategy is changed due to the skopos, which in turn changes according to whether the translation is commissioned by the text producer or the text recipient (these questions are dealt with in Holz-Mänttäri 1984). (3) Another question is how actions (and, therefore, texts) can be understood. A theory of understanding would have to explain, with regard to translation, how the conditions of target-text reception differ from those of source-text reception (cf. Vermeer [1979]1983: 62-88). (4) It will be necessary to develop a theory of coherence ( 6.2. on intratex- tual coherence), including taking into consideration the different conditions for source and target texts due to different cultural backgrounds. (5) Finally, we would like to mention one last desideratum. It concerns the study of the formal surface characteristics of a translatum which are based both on its dependence on the translation skopos ( 4.) and on the conditions for imitating the source text (3.9.). A translation-oriented theory on style may provide some surprising insights into common translation strategies, which might even have to be thoroughly revised as a result of this. For example: Thomas Carlyle’s History of Friedrich II of Prussia is written in a Teutonic style, with very long and complex sentences (Oakman 1982). If this book were to be translated into German, the usual strategy to translate sentence by sentence would result in a stylistically unmarked text which perfectly conforms to the German style conventions for this genre. In order to render the specificity of Carlyle’s style, the translator would probably have to adapt the text to Kantian ways of expression. |
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